Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2024 ARABIC VERSION

ing infrared light means VISTA can also spot very cold objects, which glow at these wavelengths, like brown dwarfs (‘failed’ stars that do not have sustained nuclear fusion)or free-floating planets that don’t orbit a star. Theobservationsbeganin2010and endedinthefirsthalfof2023,span- ningatotalof420 nights. By observing each patch of the sky manytimes,theteam was able to not only determine the loca- tions of these ob- jects, but also track how they move and whether their bright- ness changes. They charted stars whose luminosity changes periodically that can be used as cosmic rulers for measuring distances. This has given us an accurate 3D view of the inner regions of the Milky Way, which were pre- viously hidden bydust. The researchers alsotrackedhyperve- locitystars—fast-movingstarscat- apulted from the central region of the Milky Way after a close en- counter with the supermassive black hole lurking there. The new map contains data gath- ered as part of the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) survey and itscompanionproject,theVVVeX- tended(VVVX)survey. “Theproject was a monumental effort, made possible because we were sur- rounded by a great team,” says Roberto Saito, an astrophysicist at the Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinainBrazilandleadauthorof thepaperpublishedin Astronomy& Astrophysics onthecompletionof the project. The VVV andVVVXsurveyshave already led to more than300scientificarti- cles. With the surveys nowcomplete,thesci- entific exploration of the gathered data will continue for decades to come. Meanwhile, ESO’sParanalObserva- tory is being prepared for the future: VISTA will be updated with its new instrument 4MOST and ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) will receive its MOONS instrument. Together, theywillprovidespec- tra of millions of the objectssurveyedhere, with countless discov- eriesto be expected.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 52 ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺠﺮة ـﺎ ـﺎ ﻻﻛﺘ رﺳـﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐـ ات ﻓ ﺴـﺘﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺴـﺢ ﻓ در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧﺔ اﻟ ) VVV ( وﻣﺸـﺮوﻋﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓـﻖ اﻟ ﻤﺴـﺢ اﻟﻤﻮﺳـﻊ ) VVVX .( ﺗﻌﺎدل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻹ ﻤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻄﺎة 8600 ﻗﻤﺮﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ . ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒﻣﺠﺮة در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي - ـﻒوﻣﺸـﺮق وﻣﻨـﺘﻔﺦ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وﻗـﺮص وﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﺘـﻞ ﻛﺜ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺣﻮﻟﮫ . ﺗﺸ اﻟﻤﺮﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺔ ﻏﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﻤﺠﺮﻨﺎ اﻟ ﻓ ﻔﺎ وأﻋ ﺪ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻓ ﻔﺎ ﻓ ﻜﺲ : ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎخ وﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮصﻋﻠﻰﺟﺎﻧﺐ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ . ﺗﺸ اﻟﻤﺮﻌﺎت اﻷﺧ ﺗﻢ ﺮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻓ ﻔﺎ ﻓ ﻜﺲ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻊ : اﻟﻤﺰ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘـﺮص ـﻼ اﻟـ ﻋﻠـﻰ ـ ) ﺠﺎﻧﺒ اﻷﺻـﻔﺮواﻷﺧﻀـﺮ ( ، وﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘـﺮصﻓـﻮق وﺗﺤـﺖ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة ) اﻷزرق اﻟـﺪاﻛﻦ ( وﻓـﻮق وﺗﺤـﺖ اﻻﻧﺘﻔـﺎخ ) اﻷزرق اﻟﻔـﺎﺗﺢ .( ﺗﺸ اﻷرﻗﺎم إﻟﻰ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل واﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﺠﺮ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻟﺮﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺮ اﺋﻂ ﻟﻸﺟﺴـﺎم ﻓـﻲﻣﺠﺮﻨـﺎ . ﺗﻈﻬـﺮأ ﻀـ ﺎً أﺳـﻤﺎء اﻷﺑـﺮاج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠ . ﻔـﺔ ] ﻣﺴﺢ ESO/VVVX [ ﻘــﺎرن ﺻـــﻮراﻷﺷـــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــﺖ اﻟـــ ـــﺪﻳﻮ ﻫـــﺬا ﺑـــ ﺗﺴﻠﺴـــﻞ اﻟﻔ ـ ﻤﺮاء واﻟﻀـــﻮء اﻟﻤﺮـــﻲ ﻟﺴـــﺪ ﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﻛﻨـــﺪ ) NGC 6357 .( ﺗـــﻢ إﻧﺸـــﺎء ﺻـــﻮرة اﻟﻀـــﻮء اﻟﻤﺮ ـــﻲ ﻣـــﻦ ﻣﺴـــﺢ اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء اﻟﺮﻗﻤـــﻲ 2 و ﺎﻟﻨﺴــــ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺠــــﺰء اﻟﻤﺮﻛــــﺰي ﺑﻮاﺳــــﻄﺔ ﻣﻘــــﺮاب اﻟﻤﺴــــﺢ اﻟﻔﻠﻜــــﻲ اﻟﺘــــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻــــﺪ اﻷوروﺑــــﻲ اﻟــﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ . ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘـﺎط اﻟﺼــﻮرة ﺎﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟـ ـ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟــ ﺠﺪ ﺪة ﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﻓ ﺴـﺘﺎ ﻓـــﻲﻣﺮﺻــــﺪ ﺎراﻧـــﺎل ﻓــــﻲ ﺗﺸـــ ﻠﻲ . ــــﺎر اﻟﻐ ﺼـــﺒﺢ ﻓــــﻲ اﻷﺷـــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــــﺖ اﻟـــ ـ ﻤﺮاء ﻳﺤﺠــــﺐ اﻟــــﺬ ـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮمﺷــﻔﺎﻓ اﻟﻌﺪ ﺎً ـ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺎً و ﻜﺸـ ﻒﻋــﻦ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟـ ـ ﺠﺪ ﺪة اﻟــ ﺎﻧﺖ ﻏ ﻣﺮ ﺔ ﺑﺨﻼف ذﻟﻚ . ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 4 اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﻗـﺪم ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺮة درب اﻟﺘ ﺒﺎﻧـﺔ إن . ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ أﻳﻀًﺎ ر أﺟـﺮام ﺻﺪ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪة اﻟـﱪود ة ﺗﺘﻮﻫﺞ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﻃـﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻷﻗﺰام اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ) اﻟﻨﺠﻮم " اﻟﻔﺎﺷـﻠﺔ " اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﲆ اﻧـﺪﻣﺎج ﻧـﻮوي ﻣﺴـﺘﺪام أو ( اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺪور ﺣـﻮل . ﻧﺠﻢ ﺑﺪأت ﺗﻠﻚ اﻻﺻﺎد ﰲ ﻋﺎم 2010 واﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ٢٠٢٣ ى . ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ــﻒ اﻷول ﻣــﻦ ﻋــﺎم 2023 ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى 420 ﻟﻴﻠـﺔ وﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼل ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ ﻛـﻞ رﻗﻌـﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء ﻋـﺪة ﻣﺮات، ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻮاﻗـﻊ ﺟﺮام ﻫﺬه اﻷ وﻟﻜـﻦ أﻳﻀـ ﺎً ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺳﻄﻮﻋﻬ ﺎ ﻳﺘﻐ . ﻟﻘـﺪ رﺳﻤﻮا ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻐ ﻌﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دوري واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪا ﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺴﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻟﻘﻴـﺎس ا ﺴﺎﻓﺎت وﻗﺪ أﻋﻄﺎﻧﺎ ﻫـﺬا رؤﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد دﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨ ـﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻧ ـﺖ ﻣﺤﺠﻮﺑــﺔ ﺳــﺎﺑﻘ ﺎً ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻓ ﺎﺋﻘـﺔ اﻟﴪﻋﺔ - اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﴎﻳﻌـﺔ ا ﻟﴪﻋﺔ - اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﴎﻳﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛـﺔ - اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻦ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ ﺠـﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﻮا ﺟﻬـﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك . اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣـﻦ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺘﻐـ ات ﻓﻴﺴــﺘﺎ اﰲ ﺴــﺢ ﻓﻴــﺎ ﻻﻛ ) ﺘﻴــﺎ VVV ( او ﴩوع ا ﺮاﻓﻖ ا ﺴﺢ ا ﻮﺳﻊ ) VVVX .( ﻳﻘﻮل روﺑﺮﺗﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﺎرﻳﻨـﺎ اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴــﺔ ﰲ اﻟﱪازﻳﻞ وا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ ا ﻨﺸﻮرة ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻛﻤـﺎل ا ﴩوع " : ﻛﺎن ا ﴩوع ﺟﻬﺪًا ﻫﺎﺋﻼً، أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻤﻜﻨًﺎ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻃ ﺑﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﻋﻈـﻴﻢ ." وﻗﺪ أدت ﻣﺴﻮﺣﺎت VVV و VVVX ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ إﱃ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 300 ﻣﻘﺎل ﻋﻠﻤﻲ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻛﺘﻤـﺎل ا ﺴــﻮﺣﺎت اﻵن ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻤﺮ ا ا ﺴـﻮﺣﺎت اﻵن ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻤﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸـــﺎف اﻟﻌﻠﻤـــﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﺠ ﻤ ﻌـﺔ ﻟﻌﻘـﻮد ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ وﰲ اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﻳﺠـﺮي ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰ وﺗﻄـﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﺑﺎراﻧــﺎل اﻟﺘــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ : ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺳـﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤــﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﻓﻴﺴــﺘﺎ ﺑ ﺠﻬــﺎز MOST4 اﻟﺠﺪﻳــﺪ وﺳﻴﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻌﻤـﻼق اﻟﺘـ ﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ ﺟﻬـﺎز MOONS اﻟﺨـــﺎص ﻪ ﺑـــ وﺳـــﻮف ﻳــﻮﻓﺮ ﻫـــﺬان اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎن ﻣ ﺎً ﻌـ أﻃﻴﺎﻓًـﺎً ﻼﻳـ اﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻢ ﻣﺴﺤﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ وﻣﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗـﻊ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﻳﺤﴡﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﻣــﺔ . ٠ . ﻟﻴﻠﺔ