Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2024 ARABIC VERSION

48 “But Hubble has shown this en- hancedactivitywithfarmoreexam- plesandstatisticalsignificancethan we ever had before.” Shortly after Hubble’s launch in 1990, astronomers used its first-gen- erationFaintObjectCamera(FOC)to peer into the center of M87 where the monster black hole lurks. They notedthatunusualthingswerehap- pening around the black hole. Al- most every time Hubble looked, astronomers saw bluish “transient events” that could be evidence for novae popping off like camera flashes from nearby paparazzi. But the FOC’s view was so narrow that Hubble astronomers couldn’t look awayfromthejettocomparewith the near-jet region. For over two decades,theresultsremainedmyste- riouslytantalizing. Compellingevidenceforthejet’sin- fluenceonthestarsofthehostgal- axy was collected over a nine-month interval of Hubble observing with newer, wider-view cameras to count theeruptingnovae.Thiswasachal- lengeforthetelescope’sobserving schedule because it required revisit- ingM87preciselyeveryfivedaysfor another snapshot. AddingupalloftheM87imagesled to the deepest images of M87 that haveeverbeentaken.Hubblefound 94novaeintheone-thirdofM87 thatitscameracanencompass. “The jet was not the only thing that we were looking at — we were looking attheentireinnergalaxy.Onceyou plotted all known novae on top of M87 you didn’t need statistics to convinceyourselfthatthereisanex- cessofnovaealongthejet.Thisis ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 4 رﺳــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠــﻲ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ــﺔ ﻗﻠــﺐ اﻟﻤﺠــﺮة اﻹﻫﻠ ﻠﺠ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗـــــــﺔ M87 . ﻘـــــــﺬف ﺛﻘـــــــﺐ أﺳـــــــﻮد ﻓـــــــﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـــﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺛـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟ ﻼزﻣـــﺎ ﻳ ﻠـــﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬـــﺎ 3000 ﺳــــﻨﺔ ﺿــــﻮﺋ ﺔ ًــــﺎ وﺗﺴــــﺎﻓﺮ ﺴــــﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀــــﻮء ﺗﻘﺮ . اﻟـــ ﻓـــﻲ ـﺠﻬﺔ ﻳﻮﺟـــﺪ ﻧﻈـــﺎم ﻧ ﻤـــﻲ ﻋﻠـــﻰ اﻟ ﻤـــ . ﺋﻲﺛﻨــﺎ ـــﺪ ﻋـــﻦ اﻟﺜﻘـــﺐ اﻷﺳـــﻮد اﻟﻨﻈـــﺎم ﻌ ﻟﻜﻨـــﮫ ﻓــﻲﻣﺤـــ ـــﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻂ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻨﻈـــﺎم اﻟـــﺬ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ـﺪروﺟ ـﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻔﺨـﺔ اﻟﻬ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻌﺎد ـــﻢ ﻣﺮاﻓـــﻖ ﻗـــﺰم أﺑـــ ﺾﻣﺤـــ ق ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﻧ . ﻋﻨـــﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻠـــﻰﺳـــﻄﺢ اﻟﻘـــﺰم ـــﺪروﺟ ـــ ا ﻢ اﻟﻬ ﺼـــﻞ ـــــﺚ ﻨﻔﺠـــــﺮ ﻣﺜـــــﻞ اﻟﻘﻨ ﻠـــــﺔ إﻟـــــﻰ ﻧﻘﻄـــــﺔ ﺗﺤـــــﻮل ﺣ ـــــــــﺔ اﻟﻬ ﺪروﺟ ﻨ . ﺗﻨﻔﺠـــــــــﺮ اﻟﻤﺴـــــــــﺘﻌﺮات ﺸـــــــــ ﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮ ر ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗـﺔ ﻟﻜـﻦ ــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛــﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺠــﺮ ﺸــ ﻞ ــﺪو أن ﺗﻠــﻚ اﻟﻘﺮ ﻳ أ ﻛــــ ﺗ . ﻜــــﺮارا اﻵن ﻻ ﺣــــ ﻌــــﺮفﻋﻠﻤــــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــــﻚ اﻷﺳــــــ ﺎب اﻟ ﺎﻣﻨــــــﺔ ﺧﻠــــــﻒ ز ــــــﺎدة ﻧﻔﺎﺛــــــﺔ اﻟﺜﻘــــــﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﺛﻮرات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮات . اﻷ ﻗﺰام اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـ ﺔ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ." ﺑﻌﺪ وﻗﺖ ﻗﺼ ﻣﻦ إﻃﻼق ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺎم 1990 اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ا ﻟﺠﻴـﻞ اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘـﺔ (FOC) ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮة M87 ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﺨﺘﺒـﺊ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻌﻤﻼق وﻻﺣﻈـﻮا أن أﺷـﻴﺎء ﻏ ﻋ ﺎدﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺣﻮل اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد وﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮة ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ ﺎً ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ رأى ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ " أﺣـﺪاﺛًﺎ ﻋـﺎﺑﺮة " زرﻗﺎء اﻟﻠﻮن ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻜـﻮن دﻟـﻴﻼً ﻋـﲆ ﻇﻬﻮر ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات ﻣﺜﻞ وﻣﻀﺎت اﻟﻜـﺎﻣ ات ﻣﻦ ا ﺼﻮرﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺔ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺟﺴـﺎم اﻟﺨﺎﻓﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺿـﻴﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟـﺔ أن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎد ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺔ ﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬـﺎ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ و ﻋﲆ ﻣـﺪى أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻘـﺪﻳﻦ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺰﻣـﺎن ﻇﻠـﺖ اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﺎ ﻣﻀﺔ وﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸ .ﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ أدﻟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﺛ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻧﺠﻮم ا ﺠﺮة ا ﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ﻓﱰة ﺗﺴﻌﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺎﻣ ات أﺣﺪث وأوﺳـﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗًـﺎ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺎن ﻫـﺬا ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺎ ﻟﺠﺪول رﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ إﻋﺎدة زﻳﺎرة M87 ﻋﲆ وﺟـﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أ ﻳﺎم ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط . ﺻﻮرة أﺧﺮى 48 إﻋﺎدة زﻳﺎرة M87 ﻛﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻳﺎم ﻻﻟﺘﻘـﺎط . ﺻﻮرة أﺧﺮى أدى ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺻـﻮر ا ﺠـﺮة M87 إﱃ أﻋﻤﻖ ﺻـﻮر ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬـﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق . ﻟﻘـﺪ وﺟـﺪ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ 94 ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮاً ﰲ ﺛﻠﺚ ا ﺠﺮة M87 ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﺎﻣ ﺗﻪ أن ﺗﺤﺪدﻫﺎ " . ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ا ﻟﴚء اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴـﻪ ﻛﻨـﺎ ﻧﻨﻈـﺮ إﱃ ا ﺠـﺮة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴــﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬــﺎ . ﺑﻤﺠــﺮد رﺳــﻢ ﻛــﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴــﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬــﺎ ﺑ. ﻤﺠــﺮد رﺳــﻢ ﻛــﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أﻋﲆ ا ﺠـﺮة M87 ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﱃ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت ﻹﻗﻨـﺎع ﻧﻔﺴـﻚ ﺑﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓـﺎﺋﺾ ﻣـﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ . ﻗﺎل ﺷﺎرا :" ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ إﱃ ﻫﺬا اﻻ ﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﺼﻮ .ر