Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2024 ARABIC VERSION

presentingtheWebbresults.While this region has been observed pre- viously with NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, the dusty red gal- axythatformstheintriguing question-mark shape only came into view with Webb. This is a result of the wave- lengths of light that Hubble detects getting trapped in cosmic dust, while longer wavelengthsofinfraredlight areabletopassthroughand be detected by Webb’s in- struments. Astronomersusedbothtele- scopestoobservethegalaxy clusterMACS-J0417.5-1154, which acts like a magnifying glass becausetheclusterissomassiveit warpsthefabricofspace-time.This allowsastronomerstoseeenhanced detailinmuchmoredistantgalaxies behind the cluster. However, the same gravitational effects that mag- nify the galaxies also cause distor- tion, resulting in galaxies that ap- pearsmearedacrosstheskyinarcs and even appear multiple times. These optical illusions in space are called gravitational lensing. The red galaxy revealed by Webb, along with a spiral galaxy it is in- teracting with that was previously detectedbyHubble,arebeingmag- nified and distorted in an unusual way, which requires a particular, rarealignmentbetweenthedistant galaxies,thelens,andtheobserver —somethingastronomerscallahy- perbolicumbilicgravitationallens. Thisaccountsforthefiveimagesof the galaxy pair seen in Webb’s im- age, four of which trace the top of the question mark. The dot of the question mark is an unrelatedgalaxythathappenstobe in the right place and space-time, from our perspective. In addition to producing a casestudy of the Webb NIRISS (Near-In- frared Imager and Slitless Spectro- graph) instrument’s ability to detect star formation locations within a galaxybillionsoflight-yearsaway, tory of the universe,” said as- tronomer Vicente Estrada-Carpen- ter of Saint Mary’s University, who used both Hubble’s ultraviolet and Webb’sinfrareddatatoshowwhere new stars are forming in the galax- ies. The results show that star for- mation is widespread in both. The spectral data also confirmed that the newfound dusty galaxy is lo- cated at the same distance as the face-on spiral galaxy, and they are likely beginning to interact. “Both galaxies in the Question Mark Pair show active star formation in several compact regions, likely a re- sultofgasfromthetwogalaxies colliding,” saidEstrada-Carpenter. “However,neithergalaxy’sshape appearstoodisrupted,soweare probablyseeingthebeginningof their interaction with each other.” “Thesegalaxies,seenbillionsof yearsagowhenstarformationwas at its peak, are similar to the mass that the Milky Way galaxy would have been at that time. Webb is al- lowing us to study what the teenage years of our own galaxy would have beenlike,” saidSawicki.     ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 4 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 27 اﻟﺼــــــــــﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴــــــــــﺎ ﻘﺔ : اﻟﻌﻨﻘــــــــــﻮد اﻟﻤﺠــــــــــﺮي PMACS-J0417.5-1154 اﻟﻀـــــــــــــــــ ﻢ ﺸـــــــــــــــــﻮﻩ ﻧﺴﻴـﺞ اﻟﺰﻣ ﺎن و ﺸﻮﻩ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮاتﺧﻠﻔـﮫ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺄﺛ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟـ ـ . ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ــــﺔ ﻋﻠــــﻰ ﺗﻜﺒــــ ﺗﻌﻤــــﻞ ﻫــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻈــــﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻄﺒ ﻌ ــــﺪة و ﻤﻜﻨﻬــــﺎ أ ﻀــــﺎً اﻟﻤﺠــــﺮات اﻟ ﻌ أن ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬــــﺎ ﺗﻈﻬــــﺮﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﺼــــﻮرة ﻋـــــﺪة ﻣــــﺮات ﻤـــــﺎ ﺷـــــﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻠﺴ ـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟـﺔ ﻮبﺟ ﻤﺲو ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ . ـﺪﺗﺎن ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻣﺠﺮـﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺘـﺎن ﻌ - ــﺔ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬــﺔ وﻣﺠــﺮة ﻤــﺮاء ﻏ ﺎر ــﺔ ﺗُــﺮى ﺣﻠﺰوﻧ ـ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟـــ ﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻋـــﺪة ﻣـــﺮات ﺗﺘ ﻌـــﺎنﺷـــ ﻼً ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓـــﺎً ﻋــــــ اﻟﺴــــــﻤﺎء . ــــــﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــــــﻮم اﻟﻨﺸــــــﻂ ﺸــــــ ﺗ واﻟﺸـــــ ﻞ اﻟـــــ ـ ﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻲ اﻟﺴـــــﻠ ﻢ ﺸـــــ ﻞ ﻣﻠﺤـــــﻮظ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـــــــــﺮة اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬـــــــــﺔ إﻟـــــــــﻰ أن ﺗﻔﺎﻋـــــــــ ﻞ ﻫـــــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات ﺪأ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ . ﻣﻘﺎر ـــــﺔ ـــــﺎً ﺟﻨ ـــــﺔ ـــــﺔ رؤ ﻛ ﻔ إﻟـــــﻰﺟﻨـــــﺐ ﺑـــــ ـــــــﺐ ﺗﻠﺴــــــ ﻮبﻫﺎﺑـــــــﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـــــــﺎﺋﻲوﺗﻠﺴـــــــ ﻮب و ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء . [NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Vicente Estrada- Carpenter (SaintMary’s University)] ﰲ ﺣـ ﺗـﻢ رﺻـﺪ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘ ﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﺈن ا ﺠـﺮة اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ا ﻐـﱪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻻﺳـﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ .وﻳﺐ ا ــﻲ ﺗﺸــﻜﻞ ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻋﻼﻣـــﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ا ﺜـ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤـﺎم ﻟـﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ إﻻ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ وﻫ ـﺬا ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ـﺔ ﻷﻃـﻮال ﻣﻮﺟ ـﺎت اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺘﺸـﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﴏة ﰲ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﰲ ﺣ أن أﻃـﻮال ا ﻮﺟـﺎت اﻷﻃـﻮل ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺣﻤـﺮ ﻗـﺎدرة ﻋـﲆ ا ﺮور واﻟﻜﺸـﻒ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ أﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب . وﻳـﺐ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠ ـﻚ ﻛـﻼ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑ ﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ا ﺠـﺮي MACS- J0417.5-1154 اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﺳـﺔ ا ﻜﱪة ﻷن اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮ د ﺿﺨﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ وﻳﺸـﻮه ﻧﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﺰﻣﻜﺎن وﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺴـﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺮات أﺑﻌـﺪ ﺑﻜﺜ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘـﺄﺛ ات اﻟﺘﺠﺎ ذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﱪ ا ﺠﺮات ﺗﺴـﺒﺐ أﻳﻀـ ﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎ ت ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺆدي إﱃ ﻇﻬـﻮر ﻣﺠـﺮات ﻣﺸﻮﻫﺔ ﻋﱪ أﻗﻮاس اﻟﺴﻤﺎء وﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫ ﺬه اﻟﺨﺪع ـاﻟ ﺒﴫﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟ . ﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ وﻳﺐ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻔ ﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ واﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗ ـﻢ اﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺳــﺎﺑﻘ ﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳ ـﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺒ ﻫـﺎ وﺗﺸـﻮﻳﻬﻬﺎ ﺑ ﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏـ ﻋﺎدﻳـﺔ اﻷﻣـﺮ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ اﺻﻄﻔﺎف ﻧﺎدر ﻣﻌ ﺑ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة واﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ وا ﺮاﻗﺐ وﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ وﻫﺬا ﻳـ ﻔﴪ ـ اﻟﺼــﻮر اﻟﺨﻤــﺲ ﻟﺜﻨ ـﺎﺋﻲ ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺷﻮﻫﺪت ﰲ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم . إن ﻧ ﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮة ﻏـ ذات ﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﺎدف أﻧ ﻬﺎ ﰲ ا ﻜﺎن اﻟﺼـﺤﻴﺢ وﰲ اﻟﺰﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ . ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ إﻧﺘﺎج دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﺪرة ﺟﻬﺎز ﻧ ﻳﺲ ) ﺟﻬـﺎز اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ وﻣﻄﻴﺎف ﺑﺪون ﺷﻖ ( ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻋـﲆ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻣﻮاﻗـﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺗﺒﻌـﺪ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات اﻟﺴ ﻨ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ أﻳﻀ ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم اﻟﻐﺎﻣﺾ . ﻗﺎل ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻣ ﺎرﺳـ ﺳـﺎوﻳﻜﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎري وﻫـﻮ أﺣـﺪ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜ ا ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ": ﻳﺒﺪو ﻫﺬا راﺋﻌ ﺎً ﺣﻘ ﺎً اﻟﺼﻮر ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه ﻫـﻲ اﻟﺴـ ﺒﺐ وراء دﺧﻮ ﱄ إﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﻨـﺖ ﺻـﻐ ا ". ﻗﺎل ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺴﻴﻨﺘﻲ اﺳـﱰ ادا ﻛـﺎرﺑﻨﱰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻣـﺎري واﻟـﺬي اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ واﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣـﻦ وﻳـﺐ ﻹﻇﻬـﺎر ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﰲ ا ﺠـﺮات : " إن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﻰ وأﻳﻦ وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺸﻜ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻞ ا ﺠﺮات أﻣـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄـﻮر ا ﺠـﺮات ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪار ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﻮن ." ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻣﻨﺘﴩ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄ ﺎق واﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ . ﻛﻤﺎ أﻛﺪت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ أ ن ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﻐﺒﺎرﻳﺔ ا ﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜ ﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻔ ـﺲ ا ﺴ ـﺎ ﻓﺔ ﻣ ـﻦ ا ﺠ ـﺮة اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴ ـﺔ ا ﻮاﺟﻬﺔ وﻣﻦ ا ﺮﺟﺢ أﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺪأﺗﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ ا ﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ . ﻗﺎل اﺳﱰادا : " ﻛﺎرﺑﻨﱰ ﺗُﻈﻬِـﺮ ا ﺠﺮﺗـﺎن ﰲ ﻋﻼ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺔ اﻻﺳـﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﻣﻼﻣـﺢ ﻟﺘﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﻴﻂ ﺟﺪاً ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮ م ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ا ﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ا ﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ وﻣـﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ذﻟـﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﺻـﻄﺪام ا ﺠـﺮﺗ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪو ﺷﻜﻞ أي ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﺠﺮات ﺎُ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺬا ﻓﻤﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ." ﻗﺎل ﺳﺎوﻳﺴﻜﻲ إن : " ﻫﺬه ا ﺠـﺮات اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺷﻮﻫﺪت ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات اﻟﺴﻨ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ذروﺗﻪ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮ ﺗﻨـﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﻮن . إن ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴـﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻨﻮات ا ﺮاﻫﻘﺔ ﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ ."