Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2024 ARABIC VERSION

solar neighborhood. “In the past, we knew about these star forming regions but were not able to delve intotheirproperties,” saidNatsuko IzumiofGifuUniversityandtheNa- tional Astronomical Observatory of Japan, lead author of the study. “The Webb data builds upon what we have incrementally gathered over the years from prior observa- tionswithdifferenttelescopesand observatories. We can get very pow- erfulandimpressiveimagesofthese clouds with Webb. In the case of DigelCloud2,Ididnotexpecttosee such active star formation and spec- tacular jets.” Although the Digel Clouds are within our galaxy, they arerelativelypoorinelementsheav- ier than hydrogen and helium. This composition makes them similar to dwarf galaxies and our own Milky Way in its early history. Therefore, the team took the opportunity touse Webb to capture the activity oc- curring in four clusters of youngstars within Digel Clouds 1 and 2:1A, 1B, 2N, and 2S. For Cloud 2S, Webb captured the main cluster containing young,newly formed stars. This dense area is quite active as several stars are emitting extended jets of material along their poles. Additionally,while scientists previously suspected a sub-cluster might be presentwithin the cloud, Webb’s imaging capabilities confirmed its existence for the first time. “We know from studying other nearbystar-formingregionsthatas stars form during their early life phase, they start emitting jets of materialattheirpoles,” saidRessler, second author of the study and principalinvestigatoroftheobserv- ingprogram. “Whatwasfascinating and astounding to me from the Webbdataisthattherearemultiple jets shooting out in all different di- rectionsfromthisclusterofstars.It’s a little bit like a firecracker, where youseethingsshootingthisway and that.” TheWebbimageryskimsthesurface of the Extreme Outer Galaxy and theDigelClouds,andisjustastart- ingpointfortheteam.Theyintend to revisit this outpost in the Milky Way to find answers to a variety of current mysteries, including the rel- ative abundance of stars of various masses within Extreme Outer Galaxy starclusters.Thismeasurementcan helpastronomersunderstandhowa particular environment can influ- encedifferenttypesofstarsduring their formation. “I’m interested in continuingtostudyhowstarforma- tion is occurring in these regions. By combining data from different ob- servatories and telescopes, we can examineeachstageintheevolution process,” saidIzumi. “Wealsoplan to investigate circumstellar disks within the Extreme Outer Galaxy. We still don’t know why their life- times are shorter than in star-form- ing regions much closer to us. And of course, I’d like to understand the kinematicsofthejetswedetected in Cloud 2S.” Thoughthestoryofstarformationis complexandsomechaptersarestill shroudedinmystery,Webbisgath- eringcluesandhelpingastronomers unravelthisintricatetale.     ﻓﻲ 27 ﺳ ﺘﻤ 2024 ] . NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/R.Sparks [ ﺗﻠﺴــــــ ﻮب ــــــﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـــــــﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘــــــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟــــــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳــــــﺎ رﺻـــــــﺪ ﺟــــــ ﻤﺲو ﺿــــــﻮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺠــــــﺮة در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧــــــﺔ . ﺗُﻌـــــــﺮف ـــــﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـــــﺮة وﺗﻘـــــﻊ ﻋﻠــــﻰ ﻌـــــﺪ أﻛـــــ ﻣـــــﻦ ﻫــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘـــــﺔ ﺎﺳـــــﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘـــــﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺋ 85000 ﺳـــــﻨﺔ ﺿـــــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻣـــــﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـــــﺰاﻟﻤﺠـــــﺮة . ـــــﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـــــﻮم داﺧﻠﻬــــــ ـــــﺔ ﺗ ـــــﺔ ﻋﻠــــــﻰﻋﻤﻠ ـــــﺔ ﺗـــــﺄﺛ اﻟﺒﻴﺌـــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓـــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺰ ـــــﺪ ﻋــــــﻦ ﻛ ﻔ ﺎ وﺟـــــﮫ ﻓﺮ ـــــﻖ ﻣـــــﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـــــ ـــــﺎﻣ ا ﺎء ـــــﺎم ﻧ ) ـــــﺔ ﻣـــــﻦ اﻷﺷـــــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــــﺖ اﻟـــــ ـــــﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻘﺮ اﻟ ـ ( ﻤﺮاء أداة ) وﻣـــــ ي اﻷﺷـــــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــــــﺖ اﻟـــــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳــــــﻄﺔ ـ اﻟـــــ ( ـــــﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــــــﻮم ﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺎﻟﺘﻠﺴــــــ ﻮب ﻧﺤـــــﻮ إ ﻤــــــﺎﻟﻲ أرـــــﻊ ﻣﻨــــــﺎﻃﻖ ﻟﺘ دﻳﺠــــــــــﻞ داﺧــــــــــﻞﺳــــــــــﺤﺎ 1 و 2 :A1 و B1 و N2 و S2 . ﻓــــــــــﻲﺣﺎﻟــــــــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــــــــﺤﺎ ﺔ ٢S اﻟﻤﻮﺿــــــــــﺤﺔ ﻫﻨــــــــــﺎ ﻛﺸــــــــــﻒ ﺗﻠﺴــــــــ ﻮب ــــــــﺐ ﻋــــــــﻦ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋــــــــﺔ و ــــــــﻮﻳﻦ ر ﺴــــــــ ﺔ ﻣﻀــــــــﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺤﺘــــــــﻮيﻋﻠــــــــﻰ ﻧﺠــــــــﻮم ﺣﺪ ﺜــــــــﺔ اﻟﺘ . ﺗﻨ ﻌــــــــﺚ ﻣــــــــﻦ ــــﺪ ﻣـــــﻦ ﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺠـــــﻮم اﻟﺼـــــﻐ ة ﻧﻔﺜـــــﺎت ﻣﻤﺘـــــﺪة ﻣـــــﻦ اﻟﻤـــــﻮاد ﻣـــــﻦ أﻗﻄﺎﺑﻬـــــﺎ اﻟﻌﺪ . ﻳﻮﺟـــــﺪ ﻓـــــﻲ أﻋﻠـــــﻰ ﻤـــــ ـــــــــﺔ ﻣـــــــــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـــــــــﻮم وﻫـــــــــﻲﺳـــــــــﻤﺔ اﺷـــــــــﺘ ﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـــــــــﺎء ﺳـــــــــﺎ ﻘﺎً اﻟﻤ ﻤﻮﻋـــــــــﺔ اﻟﺮ ﺴـــــــــ ﺔ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـــــــــﺔ ﻓﺮﻋ ﻓـــــــــﻲ ــــــﺪﻫﺎ اﻵن ﺎﺳــــــﺘﺨﺪام وﺟﻮدﻫـــــﺎ وﻟﻜــــــﻦ ﺗــــــﻢ ﺗﺄﻛ ﺗﻠﺴــــــ ﻮب ـــــﺐ . و ﺎﻹﺿــــــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟــــــﻰذﻟــــــﻚ ﻛﺸــــــﻒ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــــ ﻮب ﻋــــﻦ ﺑﺤـــــﺮﻋﻤﻴـــــﻖ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻤﺠـــــﺮات اﻟـــــ ـ ـــــﻞ اﻟﺴــــﺪ ﻤ ﺔ اﻟـــــ ﺨﻠﻔ ﺔ واﻟﻬ ﺎ ـ ــــﺘﻢ ﻧﺤﺘﻬـــــﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ اﻟﺮ ـــــﺎح ﻤﺮاء اﻟـــــ واﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ . 19 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 4 ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﺗﺴﻮﻛﻮ إﻳﺰوﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺟﻴﻔـﻮ و ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﰲ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ا ﺆﻟﻔـﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳ :" ﺔ ﰲ ا ﺎﴈ ﻛﻨـﺎ ﻧﻌـﺮف ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻫـﺬه وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻟـﻢ ﻧﻜﻦ ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻌﻤـﻖ ﰲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼـﻬﺎ . ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻨﺎه ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗ ﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت وﻣﺮاﺻﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ اﻟﺤﺼـﻮل ﻋـﲆ ﺻﻮر ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻺﻋﺠـﺎب ﻟﻬـﺬه اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﻳﺐ . ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺳـﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮ وﻳـﺐ ب أﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ دﻳﺠﻞ 2 ﻟﻢ أﺗﻮﻗﻊ رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺸـﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺎت ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ " ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﺳﺤﺐ دﻳﺠﻞ ﺗﻘﻊ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﴏ ﻓﻘ ة ﻧﺴـﺒﻴ ﺎً وأﺛﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ . واﻟﻬﻠﻴﻮم ﻫﺬا اﻟﱰﻛﻴـﺐ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬـﺎ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺮات اﻟﻘﺰﻣﺔ وﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎ ﻧﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨـﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ ا ﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻏﺘﻨﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻨﺸـﺎط اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﰲ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ داﺧﻞ ﺳـﺤﺎﺑﺘﻲ دﻳﺠـﻞ 1 و 2 : 1A ، 1B ، 2N ،2S. ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ 2S اﻟﺘﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤ ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻧﺠﻮم ﺷـﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜ ـﺔ اﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳ و ﻦ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﻄﻘ ـﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﻨﺒﻌـﺚ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﻮاد ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل أﻗﻄﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ذﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣ اﺷﺘﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺳـﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﰲ وﺟـﻮد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴ ـﺔ داﺧ ـﻞ اﻟﺴـﺤﺎﺑﺔ أﻛــﺪت ﻗ ـﺪرات اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ وﺟﻮدﻫـﺎ . ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻗﺎل رﻳﺴﻠﺮ ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ وا ﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟ : " ﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ أﺧﺮى ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم أﻧـﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ا ﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒـﺪأ ﰲ إﺻـﺪار ﻧﻔﺎﺛـﺎت ﻣـﻦ ا ﻮاد ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﻄﺎﺑﻬﺎ ." ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣـﺬﻫﻼً وﻣﺪﻫﺸـ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﱄ ﻣـﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻫﻮ وﺟﻮد ﻧ ﻔﺎﺛـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﰲ إ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺸﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ اﻷ و ﻣـﺮ أﺷـﺒﻪ إﱃ ﺣـﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﻧﺎرﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮى أﺷﻴﺎء ﺗﻨﻄﻠـﻖ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎه وذاك و ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﺻـﻮ ر ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺳـﻄﺢ ا ﺠـﺮة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ا ﺘﻄﺮﻓـﺔ وﺳﺤﺐ دﻳﺠﻞ وﻫـﻲ ﻣﺠـﺮد ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ . ﻳﻌﺘﺰم اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ إﻋـﺎدة زﻳـﺎرة ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺒـﺆرة اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋﲆ إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻓﺮة اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـﻮم ذات اﻟﻜﺘ ـﻞ ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔ ـﺔ داﺧ ـﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ـﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ا ﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ . ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟ ﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋـﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋـﲆ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ . ﻗﺎل إﻳﺰوﻣﻲ : " أﻧﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﻮاﺻـﻠﺔ دراﺳـﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺣـﺪو ث ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﰲ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠ ﻤﻊ ﺑ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣـﻦ ا ﺮاﺻـﺪ واﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﻓﺤ ﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮ . ر ﻧﺨﻄﻂ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﰲ اﻷﻗﺮاص ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻞ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮة . ﻣـﺎ زﻟﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮف ﺎذا ﺗﻜﻮن أﻋﻤﺎرﻫـﺎ أﻗـ ﴫ ـ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻷﻗﺮب إﻟﻴﻨﺎ . ﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺑﺎ أود أن أﻓﻬﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ 2S ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن اﻟ ﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟ ﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻣﻌﻘـﺪة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﻓـﺎن ﺑ ﻌـﺾ اﻟﻔﺼـﻮل ﻻ ﺗـﺰال ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﻐﻤﻮض إﻻ أن ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ اﻷدﻟﺔ وﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﺼﺔ ا ﻌﻘﺪة .