Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2023 ARABIC VERSION

T Ancient and everywhere, Webb detects organic molecules by Damian G. Allis NASA Solar System Ambassador he significance of the element carbon extends far beyond the simple variety of the molecular geometries accessible through its chemistry. The study of its stability and reactivity, organic chemistry , is the bedrock of numer- ous industries and the make-or- break bane of prospective medical students. Its supply is the driver of modern industry and economic growth, while its combustion is the source of greenhouse gases that in- creasingly destabilize our environ- ment and add to polarization within our political systems. Our poor management of its collection and recycling has led to the Great Pacific and North Atlantic Garbage Patches, features that span areas often described in terms of U.S. states and European countries. On the far end of the size spectrum, re- searchers in the field of molecular manufacturing have proposed de- vices made from carbon that meas- ure nanometers in size but that could revolutionize our handling of all the above. It is an essential element to our environ- ment, global resources, and life itself, making the study of its history, presence, and avail- ability throughout the universe and here NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2023 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 8 " و ﺐ" ﻜﺘﺸﻒ وﺟﻮد ﺟﺰ ﺌﺎت ﻋﻀﻮ ﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻤﺔ وﻓﻲ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎن : ﻘﻠﻢ داﻣ ﺎنﺟﻲأﻟ ﺲ ﺳﻔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲﺑﻮ ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﺎلﺗ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﴫ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن إﱃ ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ اﻟﻮﺻـﻮل إﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل . ﺋﻪ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎ إن دراﺳﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﺮارﻫﺎ وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﺣﺠـﺮ اﻷﺳـﺎس ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺎت، ﻛﻤـﺎ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺼـﺪر إزﻋﺎج ﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﻄﺐ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻠ . إن إﻣﺪاداﺗﻪ ﻫﻲ ا ﺤﺮك ﻟ ﻠﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜـﺔ واﻟﻨﻤ ـﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎدي ﰲ ﺣــ أن اﺣﱰاﻗــﻪ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻋـﲆ ـــــ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 3 زﻋﺰﻋﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﻧﺤـﻮ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳـﺪ وﺗﺰﻳــﺪ ﻣــﻦ اﻻﺳـﺘﻘﻄﺎب داﺧـﻞ أﻧﻈﻤﺘﻨـﺎ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟ . ﻘﺪ أدت إدارﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﻳﺮﻫﺎ إﱃ ﻇﻬـﻮر ﺑﻘـﻊ اﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣـﺔ اﻟﻜﱪى ﰲ ا ﺤﻴﻂ ا ﻟﻬﺎدئ وﺷـﻤﺎل ا ﺤـﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﴘ وﻫﻲ ﺗﺄﺛ ات ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋـﱪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻻ ﻳﺎت اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﺪول اﻷوروﺑﻴـﺔ وﰲ اﻟﻄـﺮف اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻃﻴـﻒ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻗﱰح اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﰲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ أﺟﻬـﺰة ﻣﺼـﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﺗﻘﻴﺲﺣﺠﻢ ـــــــ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ ي اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺤـﺪث ﺛـﻮرة ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻨـﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎ .ﺳﺒﻖ إن ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘـﱪ ـﻋﻨـ اً ﴫ أﺳﺎﺳـﻴ ﺎً ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺘﻨـﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ إﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ا ـﻮارد اﻟﻌ ﺎ ﻴـﺔ ﺑـﻞ واﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨـﻪ ووﺟﻮده وﺗﻮاﻓﺮه ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻜﻮن وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻷرضﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم وذات ﻣﻐﺰى ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻋﱪ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت . ـﺗ ﺪـﻤﺘ