Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2023 ARABIC VERSION

amino and nucleic acids that allows these molecules to form more com- plex structures like proteins, ribo- somes, cell membranes, and various other cellular components. At the timescales of chemical reactions, these carbon bonds not only pro- vide molecules all the time in the world to undergo transformations into different and larger molecules, but they provide molecules all the time on many worlds to undergo these same processes. We know this from the detection of vital amino acids in space. Two biological rele- vant amino acids – glycine and L- alanine – were among at least eight other abiotic amino acids returned to Earth during Japan’s Hayabusa 2 mission to the asteroid Ryugu in 2020. The evidence for the complex amino acid tryptophan in the Perseus Molecular Cloud has been recently presented by Dr. Susana Iglesias-Groth based on data from the Spitzer Space Telescope. A very recent IRAM/Yebes Observatory study by Sans-Novo et al. even re- ports the detection of carbonic acid, the chemical backbone of amino acids and a basis for the formation of all of the amino acids, in the Milky Way. The highly reactive CH 3 + is one small but important organic fragment that facilitates the chem- istry that ultimately leads to these larger organics being possible. While it is possible that the chem- istry for life on Earth happened in its entirety on its surface or deep in our ancient oceans, these and other detections of organics in space hint that this foundational chemistry could have begun during or well before the formation of our own Solar System, and the delivery of these organics to Earth accelerated the earliest processes in the devel- opment of what became unicellular life. The detection of PAHs hint at the quantity and variety of large molecules that can form over vast periods of time, while the presence of CH 3 + reveals what any sunbather already knows – stellar radiation is a driver of chemistry by making sta- ble molecules reactive, giving them the energy to drive even more chemistry.  وﺗﻨﺨﺮط ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ . ﰲ ﺣ أن ا ـﺎء ﻫـﻮ اﻟﻮﺳـﻂ اﻷﺳـﺎﳼ اﻟـﺬي ﺛﺒـﺖ أن ﻛﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة ا ﻌﻘﺪة ﺗﺤﺪث ) ﻓﻴﻪ وإن ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ اﻷرض ( ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮة واﺳﺘﻘﺮار رواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻷﻃﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻤـﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴــﺔ واﻟﻨﻮوﻳ ـﺔ اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﻳﺴــﻤﺢ ﻟﻬــﺬه ا ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اً ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮزوﻣﺎت وأﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى . وﰲ ا ﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ رواﺑـﻂ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎت ﻃﻮال اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻻ ت إﱃ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﺨ ﺘﻠﻔﺔ وأﻛـﱪ ﻓﺤﺴـﺐ وﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻃﻮال اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﰲ ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ . ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﺮف ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳــﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء . ﻛــﺎن اﺛﻨــﺎن ﻣــﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴًـﺎ - اﻟﺠﻼﻳﺴـ واﻷﻻﻧـ - ﻣـﻦ ﺑـ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴــﺔ أﺣﻤﺎض أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﺎدت إﱃ اﻷرض ﺧﻼل ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﺎﻳﺎﺑﻮﺳـﺎ ٢ ﻋﺎدت إﱃ اﻷرض ﺧﻼل ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﺎﻳﺎﺑﻮﺳـﺎ 2 اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺐ رﻳﻮﺟﻮ ﰲ ﻋﺎم 2020 . ﺗــﻢ ﺗﻘــﺪﻳﻢ اﻟ ـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋــﲆ وﺟـﻮد ﺣﻤ ـﺾ اﻟﱰﺑﺘﻮﻓــﺎن اﻷﻣﻴﻨــﻲ ا ﻌﻘــﺪ ﰲ ﺳــﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑ ﺳ ـﻴﻮس اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴــﺔ ﻣ ـﺆﺧﺮًا ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮرة ﺳﻮزاﻧﺎ إﺟﻠﻴﺴﻴﺎس ﺟـﺮوث ﺑﻨـﺎءً ﻋﲆ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺳﺒﻴﺘﺰر اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ . دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ اً ﺟﺪ أﺟﺮاﻫـﺎ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﻳﻴـﺒﺲ و ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳـﻮي ا ﻠﻴﻤـﱰي ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺎن ﻧﻮﻓﻮ و آﺧـﺮون . ﺗﻌﻠـﻦ ﻋـﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴـﻚ وﻫـﻮ اﻟﻌﻤـﻮد اﻟﻔﻘـﺮي اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺣﻤـﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴـﺔ، واﻷﺳﺎس ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ إن . CH3 + ﻋﺎﱄ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻋﻀﻮي ﺻـﻐ وﻟﻜﻨـﻪ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻳﺴـﻬﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻋﻀﻮي ﺻـﻐ وﻟﻜﻨـﻪ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻳﺴـﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺆدي إﱃ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻫﺬه ا ﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀ ﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﻛﱪ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً . ن إ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﺎت ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﺗﺸـ إﱃ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪأت ﺧﻼل أو ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ . ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ ﻳﺸـ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف اﻟﻬﻴـﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت إﱃ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﻨـﻮع اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻜﺒ ة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ﻓﱰات زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ، ان اﻛﺘﺸﺎف وﺟﻮد CH3 + ﻳﺸ إﱃ أن اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻨﺠﻤـﻲ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﺤـﺮك اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـ ﻖ ﺟﻌـﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ا ﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴ ﻬـﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء . اﺑﺎﺑﺎﺑﺎﺑﺎﺑﺎا ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 3 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎ ﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 15 ﺗﻮﺿـﺢﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــﻮرة أﻧـﻮاع اﻟـــﺠﺰ ﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻀــﻮ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻮﺟــﻮدة ﻓــﻲﻋ ﻨــﺔ اﻟ ﻮ ﻜــﺐر ﻮ ﻏــ ﻤﻌﺘﻬــﺎ ﻮ اﻟــ ــﺔﻫﺎ ﺎﺑﻮﺳــﺎ ــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎ ﺎﻧ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ 2 . اﻟﻤــﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀــﻮ ﺔﻫـــﻲاﻟﻠ ﻨــﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳــ ﺔ ﻟـــ ﻤﻴﻊ أﺷـــ ﺎل ــــﺎت اﻟﻤﺼـــﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻜﺮ ــــﻮن ـــﻮن ﻣــــﻦﻣ ﻤﻮﻋــــﺔ واﺳـــﻌﺔ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ اﻟــــﺤ ﺎة اﻷرﺿــــ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓـــﺔوﺗﺘ ــــﺖوذرات أﺧــــﺮىوﻣـــﻊ ذﻟــــﻚ ﻤﻜـــﻦ أ ﻀـــﺎُ واﻟﻜ واﻟﻨ وﺟــــ واﻷﻛﺴــــﺠ ــــﺪروﺟ اﻟﻤﻤــــﺰوج ﺎﻟﻬ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟـﺠﺰ ﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻠ ﺎتﻏ ﺣ ﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜ ﻤ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻓﻲاﻟ ﻮ ﻜ ﺎت .