Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2023 ARABIC VERSION

T hese Webb images show a part of the Orion Nebula known as the Orion Bar. It is a region where energetic ultraviolet light from the Trapezium Cluster — located off the upper-left corner — interacts with dense molecular clouds. The energy of the stellar radiation is slowly eroding the Orion Bar, and this has a profound effect on the molecules and chemistry in the protoplanetary disks that have formed around newborn stars here. The largest image, on the left, is from Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument. At upper right, the telescope is focused on a smaller area using Webb’s MIRI (Mid-In- frared Instrument). A total of eighteen filters across both the MIRI and NIRCam instruments were used in these images, covering a range of wavelengths from 1.4 microns in the near-infrared to 25.5 microns in the mid-infrared. At the very center of the MIRI area is a young star system with a planet-forming disk named d203-506. The pullout at the bottom right displays a combined NIRCam and MIRI image of this young system. Its extended shape is due to pressure from the harsh ultraviolet radiation striking it. An international team of astronomers detected a new carbon molecule known as methyl cation for the first time in d203-506. [ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, M. Zamani (ESA/Webb), PDRs4ALL ERS Team] ity of the chemistry occurring as these regions eventually develop into full solar systems like our own. The presence and forms of carbon in star-forming regions are, of course, of great interest to astrochemists, bi- ologists and exobiologists alike. Most discussions surrounding the po- tential for life or the necessary ingre- dients for life at some location tend to focus heavily on the presence or absence of liquid water, H 2 O. Water is deemed a critical ingredient be- cause it provides a chemical medium within which biologically-important molecules, such as amino acids and nucleic acids, as well as their ex- tended peptide chains and DNA/RNA strands, can dissolve and engage in various chemical operations with one another. While water is the foundational medium within which the complex chemistry of life has been shown to take place (albeit only here on Earth), it is the strength and stabil- ity of the carbon bonds that make up the internal frameworks of the NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2023 اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟـﺬري واﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌــﻲ ﺗـﻢ اﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻴﻜﻮن أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻀﻴﻔًﺎ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﻤــﻞ اﻵن ﻋــﲆ ﺗﻜﺜﻴ ـﻒ ﻫ ـﺬه اﻟﺴــﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ إﱃ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت أﻛﱪ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺣـﺪ وﻛﻮاﻛﺐ أوﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄﺎق آﺧـﺮ . إن ﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻞ وﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮن ا ﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺒﺴـﺎﻃﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﺘﻄـﻮر ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﱃ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺷﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠ ـﺔ ﻣﺜ ـﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨ ـﺎ . ﻻ ﺷـﻚ أن وﺟـﻮد ﻛﺎﻣﻠ ـﺔ ﻣﺜ ـﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨ ـﺎ . ﻻ ﺷـﻚ أن وﺟـﻮد اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وأﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻳﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻛﺒ ﻟﺪى ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ، وﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﺣﻴﺎء، وﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻷﺣﻴـﺎء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺣـﺪٍ ﺳـﻮاء . ﺗﻤﻴـﻞ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ا ﻨﺎﻗﺸـﺎت ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة أو ا ﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﴬورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣـ ﺎ إﱃ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒـ ﻋـﲆ وﺟـﻮد أو ﻋـﺪم وﺟﻮد ا ﺎء اﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ . ﻳﻌﺘـﱪ ا ـﺎء ﻋﻨـ ﴫا ـ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ وﺳـﻄﺎ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺎ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ أن ﺗﺬوب اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ذات اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺔ، ﻣﺜــﻞ اﻷ ﺣﻤــﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴــﺔ واﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻓﻀـﻼ ﻋـﻦ ﺳﻼﺳـﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳ ـﺔ ا ﻤﺘ ـﺪة وﴍاﺋ ـﻂ DNA/RNA وﺗﻨﺨﺮ ط ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت . اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ . ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 3 ﺗُﻈﻬﺮﺻﻮرﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبو ﺐﻫﺬﻩ ﺟﺰءًا ﻣﻦﺳﺪ ﻢ أور ﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺎﺳﻢﺷـﺮ ﻂأور ـﻮن . ـﺔ إﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻓـﻮق اﻟ ﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻲاﻟﻨﺸـﻂاﻟﺼـﺎدرﻋـﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﻘـﻮد اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓـﻲاﻟﺰاو اﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺮىﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟـﺠﺰ ﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻔﺔ . ﺗﻌﻤﻞﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻨ ﻤﻲﻋﻠﻰﺗﺂ ﻞ ﺷﺮ ﻂأور ﻮن ﺑ ﻂء وﻫﺬا ﻟﮫ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻋﻤﻴﻖﻋﻠﻰاﻟ ـ ـﺔ اﻟـ ﺠﺰ ﺌﺎتواﻟﻜ ﻤ ﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻗﺮاصاﻟ ﻮﻛﺒ ﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﺗﺸـــ ﻠﺖﺣـــﻮل اﻟﻨﺠـــﻮمﺣﺪ ﺜــﺔ اﻟــﻮﻻدةﻫﻨـــﺎ . ـــﺔ ـــﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــﺖ اﻟــــ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة اﻷﻛـــ ﻋﻠـــﻰاﻟ ﺴـــﺎرﻣـــﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣــﻦ ــﺎم " ﻧ ." ﻳﺮﻛـــﺰاﻟﺘﻠﺴــ ﻮبﻋﻠــﻰﻣﻨﻄﻘـــﺔ أﺻـــﻐﺮ ﻓـــﻲأﻋﻠـــﻰاﻟ ﻤـــ ﺎﺳــ ﺘﺨﺪام أداة اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ ". ﻣــ ي" ـﺔﻣــﻦ ﺗﻐﻄــﻲﻧﻄﺎﻗًــﺎ ﻣــﻦ اﻷﻃــﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ــﺔ ﻋﺸــﺮﻓﻠــ ﻓــﻲﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـﻮرواﻟــ ﺗــﻢ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪامﻣــﺎ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـﮫ ﺛﻤﺎﻧ 1.4 ﻣ ﻜــﺮون ﻓــﻲ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ﺔ إﻟﻰ 25.5 ﻣ ﻜﺮون ﻓﻲاﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ . ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲﻣﺮﻛﺰﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧ ﻤ ـﻮن ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛـﺐ ﺴـﻤﻰ ﻲ ﺎﻓﻊﻣﻊ ﻗﺮصﻣ d 203-506 ﻌـﺮض ــﺎﻓﻊ اﻟﺼـﻮرﻟﻬـﺬا اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻟ اﻟﺴـﺤﺐاﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓــﻲأﺳـﻔﻞ اﻟ ﻤـ . ﺗﻀــﺮ ﮫ ﺷـ ﻠﮫ اﻟﻤﻤﺘــﺪ ﻳﺮﺟـﻊ إﻟـﻰاﻟﻀـﻐﻂاﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺞ ﻋـﻦ اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮق اﻟ ﻨﻔﺴـﺠ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳـ ﺔ اﻟـ . اﻛﺘﺸـﻒﻓﺮ ـﻖ دوﻟـﻲﻣـﻦ ﻋﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚﺟﺰيء ﻛﺮ ﻮنﺟﺪ ﺪ ﻌﺮف ﺎﺳﻢ ﺎﺗﻴﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺜﻴﻞﻷول ﻣ ﺮة ﻓﻲ .d203-506 ـــــــﮫ ﻣـــــــﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛـــــــﺰاﻟـــــــﻮﻃ ـــــــﮫ ﺑ ﻗـــــــﺎد أوﻟ ﻔﻴ اﻟﻔﺮﺴــــــﻲﻟﻠﺒﺤـــــــﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـــــــﻲاﻟﻔﺮ ـــــــﻖ اﻟـــــــﺬ ـﺎﺗﻴﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺜﻴـﻞ ﻓــﻲﻗــﺮصاﻟﺘﺸــﻜﻴﻞ اﻛﺘﺸــﻒ اﻟ ﻮﻛ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ d203-506 .