Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2023 ARABIC VERSION

on Earth broadly interesting and meaningful across disciplines. Two recent discoveries by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) reveal the extent to which the element carbon was both an active presence in the early universe and continues to be driven into forms ready for complex chemistry to occur in mo- lecular clouds within our own cos- mic neighborhood. The first study, pub- lished in the June 5 th issue of the presti- gious journal Na- ture , reports the detection of the most ancient organic molecules yet de- tected – polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons in the galaxy SPT0418-47, 12.3 bil- lion light years away. This galaxy was first detected in 2020 by the ground-based South Pole Telescope of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and was only observable at all through the phe- nomenon of gravita- tional lensing that made it appear 30 times brighter. Recent JWST observations collected the diagnostic spectra of a molecu- lar cloud of these large organics. As the name implies, polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are com- posed of carbon and hydrogen, contain two more rings in their frame (the most famous aromatic molecule, benzene, is not considered a PAH. Naphthalene, containing two ben- zene rings fused on a side, is the smallest member containing only six-member rings), and are aro- matic , a term that originated from their often-fragrant smell but which was even- tually reduced to a chemically-defined state of these mole- cules sharing elec- trons among their carbon rings in a way that adds to their sta- NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2023 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 10 ﻳﻜﺸــﻒ اﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﺎن ﺣــﺪﻳﺜﺎن ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ( ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪى وﺟﻮد ﻋﻨـ ﴫ ا ـ ﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻧﺸـﻂ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ زال ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋ ﺎً إﱃ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺟﺎﻫ ﺰة ﻟﻨﺸﻮء ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻣﻌﻘـﺪة ﰲ اﻟﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴـﺔ داﺧـﻞ ﺟﻮارﻧـﺎ اﻟﻜـﻮﻧﻲ . ﺗﺸـ اﻟﺪر اﺳﺔ اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧُﴩت ﰲ ﻋﺪد 5 ﻳﻮﻧﻴـﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﻴﺘﴩ ا ﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ إﱃ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف أﻗﺪم ﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ــﺎت اﻟﻌ ﻀــﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن وﻫ ــﻲ ا ﺴـــﻤﺎة اﻟﻬﻴــــــﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳـــﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـــﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘـــﺎت ﰲ ا ﺠ ــﺮة SPT0418-47 ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺪ 12.3 ﻣﻠﻴـــﺎر ﺳـــﻨﺔ . ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺗـﻢ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﰲ ﻋــﺎم 2020 ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـــﻜﻮب اﻟﻘﻄـــﺐ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻷرﴈ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴ ـــﺔ اﻟﻌﻠــــﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ وﻟﻢ ﻳﻜــﻦ ﻣــﻦ ا ﻤﻜ ــﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق إﻻ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻇـﺎﻫﺮة ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﺘﻬــﺎ ﺗﺒــﺪو أﻛﺜــﺮ ﺑـ ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ 30 .ﻣﺮة ﺟﻤﻌﺖ أرﺻـﺎد ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻷﺧـ ة اﻷﻃﻴـﺎف اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺒ ة . ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳــﻮﺣﻲ اﻻﺳــﻢ ﺗﺘﻜ ـﻮن اﻟﻬﻴ ـﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳـــﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـــﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن واﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ وﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺣﻠﻘﺘ إﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺘ ﰲ إﻃ ﺎرﻫــﺎ ) اﻟﺠــﺰيء اﻟﻌﻄﺮي اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷـﻬﺮة اﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘـﱪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻬﻴــــــﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳـــﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـــﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘــﺎت . اﻟﻨﻔﺜــﺎﻟ اﻟــﺬي ﻳﺤﺘــﻮي ﻋــﲆ ﺣﻠﻘﺘــــ ﺑﻨــــﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﺘ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﻫﻮ واﺣﺪ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻋﻀـﻮ ﻳﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋـﲆ ﺣﻠﻘـﺎت ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ أﻋﻀﺎء ( ﻓﻘـﻂ وﻫـﻲ ﻋﻄﺮﻳـﺔ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ راﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻄﺮة ﰲ ﻛﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن وﻟﻜـﻦ ﺗـﻢ اﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ إﱃ . ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ - ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2 0 2 3 ﻛﺸــﻒﻋﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ ﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪمﻣﺮﺻــﺪ أﻟﻤــﺎ ــﮫ ﻌــﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺻــﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲاﻟـــﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲﺷــﺮ ًﺎ ﻓ واﻟـﺬ ﻋــﻦﻣﺠـــﺮة ــﺪ ﻌ ـــﺔ ﺗﺸــ ﮫﻣﺠﺮ ﻨــﺎ در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧـــﺔ ﺸــ ﻞ ﻣــﺪﻫﺶ ة ﻟﻠﻐﺎ . اﻟﻤﺠـــﺮة SPT0418-47 ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮة ﺑﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﻣﺠﺮة ـﺔ ﻗﺮ ﺔ وﺗﻈﻬﺮﻓﻲاﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺤﻠﻘـﺔﺿـﻮﺋ ﺔﺷـ ﮫ ﻣﺜﺎﻟ (. ﺴـﺎر ) أﻋـﺎد ﻓﺮ ـﻖ ـــﺪة اﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﻨـــﺎء اﻟﺸــ ﻞ اﻟـــﺤﻘ ﻘﻲﻟﻠﻤﺠـــﺮة اﻟ ﻌ ) ﻋﻠــﻰاﻟ ﻤــ ( وﺣﺮﻛــﺔﻏﺎزﻫــﺎ ﻣـــﻦ ﺑ ﺎﻧـــﺎت ﻣﺮﺻـــﺪ أﻟﻤﺎ ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨ ﺔ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔﺣ ﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺔﺟﺪ ﺪة . ﺗُﻈﻬــﺮﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳــﻮم ا ـﺘﻢ ﺗﺸــﻮ ﮫ اﻟﻀــﻮء اﻟﻘـﺎدمﻣــﻦﻣﺠــﺮة ــﻒ ــﺔﻛ ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛـﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄ ﻄ ﺗﻌﻤـــﻞﻣﺜــــﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﺳـــﺔ وﺗﺠﻌــــﻞ ـــﺔ واﻟــــ ـــﺪة ﺴــــ ﺐ ﺗــــﺄﺛ اتاﻟـــــﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠــــﺮة اﻷﻣﺎﻣ ﻌ ـﺪو ﻣﺸـﻮﻫًﺎ وﻟﻜﻨـﮫﻣﻜـ ﻣ ﻮﻧـﺎ ﺣﻠﻘـﺎتﻣﻤـ ةﻣـﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﺗُﻌـﺮف ﺎﺳـﻢ ـﺪ ﻳ اﻟﻤﺼـﺪراﻟ ﻌ ﺣﻠﻘـﺎتأ ﻨﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ وﻗـﺪ أﺗـﺎحﻫــﺬا اﻟﺘــﺄﺛ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ـﺔ اﻟﻤﺠــ رؤ ـﺪة ﺮة اﻟ ﻌ SPT0418- 47 ـــﺎن ﻤﻜـــﻦ ـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲﺻـــﻮرﻣﺮﺻـــﺪ أﻟﻤـــﺎ ﺘﻔﺎﺻـــﻴﻞ أدقﻣﻤـــﺎ ﺗﻈﻬـــﺮ ﺤﻠﻘـــﺔ ذﻫﺒ اﻟـــ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻘـــــﮫ ﻄﺮ ﻘـــــﺔ أﺧـــــﺮى . ـــــﺔ ﻓـــــﻲﺻـــــﻮر ــــﺔﻏـــــ ﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﺠـــــﺮة اﻷﻣﺎﻣ ﻣﺮﺻــــﺪ أﻟﻤـــــﺎ ﻟــــــ SPT0418-47 ﻷﻧﻬــﺎ ﺧﺎﻓﺘـﮫ ـﺔ اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺟــﺪاً ﻋﻨـﺪ اﻷﻃــﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟ . اﻟﻠــﻮن اﻷزرق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪمﻓﻲﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻷﻣﺎﻣ ﺔﻫﻮ ﻟﻮن اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ .