Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2022 ARABIC VERSION

If R136a1 is less massive than previously thought, the same could be true of other massive stars and consequently pair instability super- novae may be rarer than expected. The star cluster hosting R136a1 has previously been observed by as- tronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and a vari- ety of ground-based telescopes, but none of these telescopes could ob- tain images sharp enough to pick out all the individual stellar mem- bers of the nearby cluster. Gemini South’s Zorro instrument was able to surpass the resolution of previous observations by using a technique known as speckle imag- ing, which enables ground-based telescopes to overcome much of the blurring effect of Earth’s atmos- phere. By taking many thousands of short-exposure images of a bright object and carefully processing the data, it is possible to cancel out al- most all this blurring. This approach, as well as the use of adaptive optics, can dramatically in- crease the resolution of ground- based telescopes, as shown by the team’s sharp new Zorro observa- tions of R136a1. “This result shows that given the right conditions an 8.1-meter tele- scope pushed to its limits can rival not only the Hubble Space Tele- scope when it comes to angular res- olution, but also the James Webb Space Telescope,” commented Ri- cardo Salinas, a co-author of this paper and the instrument scientist for Zorro. “This observation pushes the boundary of what is considered possible using speckle imaging.” “We began this work as an ex- ploratory observation to see how well Zorro could observe this type of object,” concluded Kalari. “While we urge caution when interpreting our results, our observations indi- cate that the most massive stars may not be as massive as once thought.” Zorro and its twin instrument `Alopeke are identical imagers mounted on the Gemini South and Gemini North telescopes, respec- tively. Their names are the Hawai- ian and Spanish words for “fox” and represent the telescopes’ re- spective locations on Maunakea in Hawai’i and on Cerro Pachón in Chile. These instruments are part of the Gemini Observatory’s Visiting Instrument Program, which enables new science by accommodating in- novative instruments and enabling exciting research. Steve B. Howell, current chair of the Gemini Obser- vatory Board and senior research scientist at the NASA Ames Re- search Center in Mountain View, California, is the principal investiga- tor on both instruments. “Gemini South continues to en- hance our understanding of the Universe, transforming astronomy as we know it. This discovery is yet another example of the scientific feats we can accomplish when we combine international collabora- tion, world-class infrastructure, and a stellar team,” said NSF Gemini Program Officer Martin Still.     NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2022 ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ـ ﺤﺪة واﻟﻮﺿـﻮح اﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴ ﻟــﺠﻬﺎزاﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ Zorro ـﺖ اﻟﻤﺜ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﺳـﺎوث ـ ﺟ ﻤ ـﺎﻟﻎ اﻟ ٨.١ اً ﻣـ ﻓـﻲ ﺗﺸـ ﻠﻲ ( ﺴـﺎر ) ﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎر ـﺔ ﻣـﻊ ﺻـﻮرة ﺳــﺎ ﻘﺔ ﺗــﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬــﺎ ﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑــﻞ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ ) ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ﻤــ .( ﺳـﻤﺤﺖ ﺻــﻮرة ﺳـﺎوث ــ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮبﺟ ﻤ ـ اﻟــ ﺠﺪ ﺪة ﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟ ﻔﻠــﻚ ﻟﺘﻤﻴــ اﻟـﻨ ﻢ R136a1 ﺑﻮﺿــﻮح ﻋــﻦ ، وﺗﻮﻓ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒﻋﻦ أﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﺮ ﺒ رﻓﺎﻗﮫ اﻟﻨ ﻤﻴ - ﺑ ﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺰال أﺿ ﻢ ﻧ ﻢ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن ﻓﻬﻮ أﻗﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺎن ُﻌﺘﻘﺪﺳﺎ ﻘًﺎ . ﻛﺎن إذا اﻟﻨﺠﻢ R136a1 أﻗﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻛـﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ، ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮن اﻷﻣـﺮ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺤًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ، وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳـﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺰوﺟـﻲ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺪرة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌًﺎ . ﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـــﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻀ ــﻴﻒ R136a1 ﺑﺎﺳ ــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ، وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋـﲆ ﺻـﻮر ﺣـﺎدة ﺑﻤـﺎ ﻳﻜﻔـﻲ ﻻﻟﺘﻘـﺎط ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ اﻷﻋﻀــﺎء اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳــﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﻨﻘــﻮد اﻟﻘﺮﻳـﺐ . . ﺗﻤﻜـﻦ ﺟﻬـﺎز اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ Zorro ا ﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨـﻲ ﺳـﺎوث ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺠﺎوز دﻗـﺔ اﻷرﺻـﺎد اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗُﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﻘـﻊ ، واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛ اﻟﻀﺒﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ . ضﻟﻸر اﻟﺘﻘـﺎط ﻋـﺪة آﻻف ﻣـﻦ ﺻـﻮر اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﻘﺼ ﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻻﻣـﻊ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ ــــ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ إﻟﻐﺎء ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻢ . ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﴫﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ، ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻛ ﺒ ﻣﻦ دﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷرﺿـﻴﺔ ، ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة اﻟﺤـﺎدة ﻠﻨﺠﻢ ﻟ R136a1 . ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ أﻧـﻪ ﰲ ﻇـﻞ اﻟﻈـﺮوف ا ﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ، ﻓﺈن ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑًﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ٨.١ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﱰ ﺑ ﺄﻗﴡ ﺣﺪوده ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳّﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ." ﻋﻠﻖ رﻳﻜﺎردو ﺳـﺎﻟﻴﻨﺎس ، وﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺸﺎرك ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ وﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ Zorro " . ﻫﺬه ا ﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺣﺪود ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻤﻜﻨًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﻘﻊ ". واﺧﺘﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﻻري ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً " : ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪأﻧﺎ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﺪى ﻗﺪرة Zorro ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻨـﻮع ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺟﻴـﺪ " ." ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻧﺤـﺚ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻮﺧﻲ اﻟﺤﺬر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺴـ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻨـﺎ ، ﺗﺸـ ــــ أرﺻﺎدﻧﺎ إﱃ أن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻗـﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳُﻌﺘﻘـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘًﺎ إن ." ﺟﻬﺎز Zorro ﻪ ﺗﻮأﻣ و Alopeke ﻫﻤﺎ و أﺟﻬﺰة ﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘ ﺔﻣﺜﺒﺘ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨـﻲ و ﺳﺎوث ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻮرث ، ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻮاﱄ . أﺳـﻤﺎؤﻫ ﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎت ﻫـﺎواي وإﺳـﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺛﻌﻠﺐ" " وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﰲ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﻧﺎ ﻛﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺒﻞ وﰲ ﺟﺰر ﻫﺎوي ﺳـ و ﺑﺎﺷﻮن ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ . ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺟـﺰءًا ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﺮﺻـﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨـﻲ واﻟـﺬي ﻳﻤﻜّﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟ ة ﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﺳـﺘﻴﻌﺎب اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ا ﺒﺘﻜﺮة وﺗﻤﻜ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ا ﺜ . . ﺳﺘﻴﻒ ب ﻫـﺎول اﻟـﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺤـﺎﱄ ﺠﻠـﺲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨـﻲ وﺑﺎﺣـﺚ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ أﺑﺤـﺎث أﻣﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳﺎ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘـ ﰲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺠﻬﺎزﻳﻦ . ﻳﻮاﺻـﻞ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨـﻲ ﺳﺎوث ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن و ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧـﺮ ﻋـﲆ اﻹﻧﺠـﺎزات اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ ـﻦ أن ﻧﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻋ ﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﺑـ اﻟﺘﻌـﺎون اﻟـﺪوﱄ واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ا ﺘﻤﻴﺰ . ﻧﻮﻓﻤ دﻳﺴﻤ 2022