Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2022 ARABIC VERSION

ASTRO PUBLISHING 35 o celebrate DECam’s first decade of operation, NOIRLab has released a breathtaking image of the star-forming Lobster Nebula (NGC 6357), which is located about 8000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Scorpius. This image reveals bright, young stars surrounded by billow- ing clouds of dust and gas. At the center of the nebula, which spans about 400 light-years, resides the open star cluster Pismis 24 — a collection of dazzlingly bright, mas- sive stars. Surrounding this cluster is a region brimming with newborn stars, protostars still wrapped in their cocoons of star-forming mate- rial, and dense cores of gas and dust that will eventually become new stars. The twisting braids of dark clouds and complex structures inside the nebula are formed by the tumultuous pressure of interstellar winds, radiation, and powerful magnetic fields. One of the most striking things about this image is the beautifully detailed color palette selected to highlight different aspects of the nebula. This wide-field, high-reso- lution image showcases the power of DECam and its ability to produce stunning images while helping as- tronomers study the fundamental properties of the Universe. This image was constructed using some of a new range of very special DECam narrowband filters, which isolate very specific wavelengths of light. They make it possible to infer the physics of distant objects, in- cluding important details about their inner motions, temperatures, and complex chemistry, which is es- pecially important when examining star-forming regions like the Lob- ster Nebula. In order to create a colorful image such as this one, the same celestial object is observed multiple times using different filters. Each obser- vation provides a single-color im- age, which encompases a specific range of light waves. Imaging spe- cialists then take these individual images and assign a corresponding color to each of them. The images can then be stacked on top of one another to create a composite that closely approximates what objects might look like if they were far brighter. The image was unveiled at the DECam at 10 years: Looking Back, Looking Forward conference, which highlighted the outstanding DECam science results of the past 10 years and the exciting opportu- nities with DECam as astronomy looks to the future with Vera C. Rubin Observatory, currently under construction on Cerro Pachón in Chile. DECam has just passed the re- markable milestone of taking one million individual exposures, deliv- ering on average 400 to 500 images per night. DECam was operated by the DOE and NSF between 2013 and 2019. Currently, DECam is used for pro- grams covering a huge range of sci- ence. The image presented here was obtained by NOIRLab’s Com- munication, Education & Engage- ment team as part of the NOIRLab Legacy Imaging Program.    NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2022 ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘــﺪ اﻷول ﻣــﻦ ﺗﺸــﻐﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ) دي ﻛـﺎم ( أﺻـﺪر ا ﺨﺘﱪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ــﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻀـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ) ﻧ ـﻮﻳﺮ ﻻب ( ﺻـﻮرة ﺗﺨﻄﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﺎس ﻟﺤﺎﺿـﻨﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﻛﻨﺪ ) NGC 6357 ( واﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻌـﺪ ﺣـﻮاﱄ ٨٠٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض ﰲ اﺗﺠﺎه ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺮب . ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻋﻦ ﻧﺠﻮم ﺷﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﻮم ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻟﻐﺎز و ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﺣـﻮاﱄ ٤٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ا ﻔﺘﻮح ﺑﺴﻤﻴﺲ 24 ﻳﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﻞ . ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﺠﻤـﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻣﻠﻴ ﺌـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺣﺪﻳﺜــﺔ اﻟـﻮﻻدة واﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﴍاﻧﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﻧﻮى ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺠﻮﻣًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة . ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻀﻔﺎﺋﺮ ا ﻠﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺪاﻛﻨﺔ واﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛـﻞ ا ﻌﻘﺪة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﻀـﻐﻂ ا ﻀ ـﻄﺮب ﻟﻠﺮﻳ ـﺎح اﻟﺒﻴﻨﺠﻤﻴ ـﺔ واﻹﺷ ـ ﻌﺎع وا ﺠﺎﻻت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ إن . ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜـﺮ اﻷﺷـﻴﺎء ا ﺪﻫﺸـﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻟﻮﺣـﺔ اﻷﻟﻮان ا ﻔﺼـﻠﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﻴـﻞ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻫﺎ ﻹﺑﺮاز اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﺪﻳﻢ . ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ذات ا ﺠـﺎل اﻟﻮاﺳـﻊ وﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻗﻮة ) ﻛﺎﻣ ا دي ﻛﺎم ( ﺎ وﻗﺪرﺗﻬ ﻋ ﲆ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺻﻮر ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺴـﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـ ﻟ ﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن . ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺟﺪﻳ ـﺪة ﻣ ـﻦ ﻣﺮﺷـﺤﺎت اﻟﻨﻄ ـﺎق اﻟﻀ ـﻴﻖ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻟﻜﺎﻣ ا ) دي ﻛﺎم ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌـﺰل أﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺟﺪًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻷﺟﺴـﺎم اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﺗﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﺣـﻮل ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺗﻬــﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴــﺔ ودرﺟــﺎت اﻟﺤــﺮارة واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ا ﻌﻘﺪة وﻫـﻮ أﻣـﺮ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﻛﻨﺪ . ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺑ ﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه ﻳـﺘﻢ رﺻﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺮم اﻟﺴـﻤﺎوي ﻋـﺪة ﻣـﺮات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳـ رﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻮرة أ ﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﻄﺎﻗًﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨًـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﻀـﻮء ﺛـﻢ ﻳﺄﺧـﺬ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﻮ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ وﻳﻌﻴﻨﻮن ﻟﻮﻧًﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ . ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻜـﺪﻳﺲ اﻟﺼـﻮر ﻓـﻮق ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻷﺟﺮام إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ . ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ا ﻟﺼﻮرة ا ﺬﻫﻠـﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﻣﺮور ﻋﴩة ﺳﻨﻮات ﻋﲆ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛـﺎﻣ ا ) دي ﻛ ـﺎم ﰲ ( ﻣ ـﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻈ ـﺮ إﱃ اﻟــﻮراء و اﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﱃ اﻷﻣﺎم اﻟﺬي ﺳﻠﻂ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ا ﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﻟ ) ﻜﺎﻣ ا دي ﻛﺎم ( ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻌﴩ ا ﺎﺿـﻴﺔ واﻟﻔـﺮص ا ﺜ ة ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء إﱃ ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻊ ا روﺑ ﻓ ) ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ( ﻗﻴـﺪ وﻫﻮ اﻹﻧﺸـﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﰲ ﺳ و ﺑﺎﺷﻮن ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ . ﻟﻘﺪ اﺟﺘﺎز ) ﻛﺎﻣ ا دي ﻛﺎم ( ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻤًﺎ ﺑﺎرزًا ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﺮدي ﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﺳ وذﻟﻚ ﰲ ا ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ٤٠٠ إﱃ ٥٠٠ . ﺻﻮرة ﰲ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ) ﻛﺎﻣ ا دي ﻛﺎم ( ﺑ ﻋـﺎﻣﻲ ٢٠١٣ و ٢٠١٩ وﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ًـﺎ ﻟﻠ ـﱪ اﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻗًﺎ ﻛﺒ ًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم . ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٣٥ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎل ﻧﻮﻓﻤ دﻳﺴﻤ 2022 ﺗــﻢ اﻟﺘﻘـــﺎطﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻤـــﺎء ــﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ) ــــــﺎم د ( اﻟﻤﺼـــــــﻨّﻌﺔ ﻣـــــــﻦ وزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــــــﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻜ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ـﻮ ﻓ ﻜﺘـﻮر إم ﻼﻧ ــــﺎﻟﻎ اﻟ ٤ أﻣﺘــــﺎر ﻳﻮﺟــــﺪ اﻟــــﺬ ﻤﺮﺻــــﺪ ﺳــــ و ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟــــــــﻮ ﺿــــــــﻤﻦ ﺑﺮ ــــــــﺎﻣﺞ ) ﻣﺨﺘــــــــ ﻧــــــــﻮﻳﺮﻻب ( اﻟﺘـــــــــــــــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴـــــــــــــــﺔ ـــــــــــــــﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـــــــــــــــﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺳﺪ ﻢ ﺗﺸ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم NGC 6357 واﻟـــﺬ ﻳ ﻌـــﺪ ٨٠٠٠ ﺳـــﻨﺔ ﺿـــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﺗﺠـــﺎﻩ ــﺔ اﻟﻌﻘــﺮ ﻮﻛ . ﺗﻜﺸــﻒﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــﻮرة ﻋــﻦ ﻧﺠـــــﻮمﺷـــــﺎ ﺔ ﻻﻣﻌـــــﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻃـــــﺔ ﺴـــــﺤﺐ ﻣـــــﻦ ـــﺎرواﻟﻐـــﺎزداﺧـــﻞ اﻟﻐ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓـــ ﺔ أ ﻀًﺎ ﺎﺳﻢﺳﺪ ﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﻛﻨ .ﺪ