Free Astronomy Magazine November-December 2022 ARABIC VERSION

32 ASTRO PUBLISHING originate from magnetic interac- tions in the very hot gas orbiting very close to Sagittarius A*, and the new findings support this idea. “Now we find strong evidence for a magnetic origin of these flares and our observations give us a clue about the geometry of the process. The new data are extremely helpful for building a theoretical interpreta- tion of these events,” says co-author ś cibrodzka ud Univer- allows as- o study adio emis- agittarius an be used he black netic field. sed these s together tical mod- more about the formation of the hot spot and the envi- ronment it is embed- ded in, including the magnetic field around Sagittarius A*. Their research provides stronger constraints on the shape of this magnetic field than previous observations, helping as- tronomers uncover the nature of our black hole and its surroundings. The observations confirm some of the previous discoveries made by the GRAVITY instrument at ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), which ob- serves in the infrared. The data from GRAVITY and ALMA both suggest the flare originates in a clump of gas swirling around the black hole at about 30% of the speed of light in a clockwise direction in the sky, with the orbit of the hot spot being nearly face-on. “In the future we should be able to track hot spots across frequencies using coordinated multiwavelength observations with both GRAVITY and ALMA — the suc- cess of such an endeavour would be a true milestone for our understand- ing of the physics of flares in the Galactic centre,” says Ivan Marti- Vidal of the University of València in Spain, co-author of the study. The team is also hoping to be able to di- rectly observe the orbiting gas clumps with the EHT, to probe ever closer to the black hole and learn more about it. “Hopefully, one day, we will be comfortable saying that we ‘know’ what is going on in Sagit- tarius A*,” Wielgus concludes.     NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2022 اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓﺎرد ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت ا ﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ " . رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻘـﻊ اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻨﺔ ا ﻜﺘﺸـﻔﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ أﻃـﻮال ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻫﻲ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ا ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ : ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﱪد اﻟﺒﻘﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻋﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻮف ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ أﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ أﻃﻮل ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘـﻲ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺎ و ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣـﺔ اﻳﻔﻴﻨـﺖ ﻫـﻮراﻳﺰون ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟـ ﺪﻛﺘﻮر اة ﻴ ﺟﻴﺴـ ﻲ ﻓـﻮس ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ رادﺑﻮد ﺑﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪا واﻟﺬي ﺷﺎرك اﻳﻀﺎً ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ : ﻛﺎن ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ أن ا ﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﺨﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪور ﺑـﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮس * أ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ، واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة " . ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪﻧﺎ اﻵن دﻟﻴﻼً ﻗﻮﻳًﺎ ﻋﲆ أﺻﻞ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﴘـ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت وﺗﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺑﺮاﻫ ﺣـﻮل ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ . ﺑﺤﺴـﺐ ا ﺆﻟﻔـﺔ ا ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﻣﻮﺷﻴﱪوزﻛﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ا ﺸـــــﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﻜـــــﺎ ﻣﻮﺷـﻴﱪوزﻛﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ رادﺑ ـــﻮد ﻧ ـــﺎﻳﻤﻴﺨﻦ ، إن اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ـﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳــﺪة ﻣﻔﻴــﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺗﻔﺴـ ﻧﻈـﺮي ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﺣﺪاث . ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺑﺪراﺳـﺔ اﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﺮادﻳـﻮ ا ﺴـﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ا ﻟﻘﻮس * أ ، واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻜﺸــﻒ ﻋــﻦ ا ﺠـﺎل ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﴘـ ﻟﻠﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد . اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳــﻖ ﻫ ـﺬه ا ﻼﺣﻈ ـﺎت ﺟﻨﺒًــﺎ إﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﺣـﻮل ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﻌــﺔ اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻨﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ . ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﻢ ﻗﻴﻮدًا أﻗـﻮى ﻋـﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺠـﺎل ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﴘـ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻼﺣﻈـﺎت ا ﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺛﻘﺒﻨﺎ اﻷﺳﻮد . وﻣﺤﻴﻄﻪ . ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ا ﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬـﺎ أداة ) ( ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟـﺪًا ﺑﺎ ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ، واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ رﺻﺪه ﰲ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء . ﺗﺸـ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ا ﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز ) و ﻣﺮ ( ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺻﺪ ا ـﺎ إﱃ أن اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺞ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز ﺗـﺪور ﺣﻮل اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﺑﺤﻮاﱄ ٣٠ ٪ ﻣﻦ ﴎﻋـﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﰲ اﺗﺠﺎه ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء ، ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺪار اﻟﺒﻘﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًـﺎ . . " ﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ، ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗـﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺘﺒ ـﻊ اﻟﻨﻘ ـﺎط اﻟﺴــﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻋــﱪ اﻟــﱰددات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أرﺻﺎد ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة اﻷﻃـﻮال و ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻧﺠﺎح ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺴـﻌﻰ ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ ﻓﺎرﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠـﺎت ﰲ ا ﺠﺮة ﺑﺤﺴﺐ إﻳﻔﺎن ﻣـﺎرﺗﻲ ﻓﻴـﺪال ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌــﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻴﻨﺴــﻴﺎ ﰲ إﺳــﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ، وا ﺆﻟــﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك ﻟﻠﺪراﺳـﺔ . ﻳﺄﻣـﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ أﻳﻀًـﺎ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدرًا ﻋﲆ رﺻﺪ ﻛﺘﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات ا ﺪارﻳـﺔ ﻣﺒــﺎﴍة ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻨﻈ ﻮﻣــﺔ اﻳﻔﻴﻨــﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﻮزون ، ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻋ ﻤـﺎ ﻳﺠـﺮي ﰲ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻮس أ * ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ــﺔ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة ﻣﺼــﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣــﺎ اﻟﻜﺒـــ ة اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ / ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟﻤ ـــﺔ ﻠ ﻤ اﻟﻤــﺎ ) ( وﻫـــﻲ ﺗﺒﺤــﺚ ﻓــﻲﻣﺠــﺮة در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧــﺔ ﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟــﻰﻣﻮﻗــﻊ اﻟﻘــﻮس * أ اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد ﻓــﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠــﺔ ﻓـــــﻲﻣﺮﻛـــــﺰﻣﺠﺮ ﻨـــــﺎ . ﻣـــــﺎ ﻤـــــ اﻟﻤﺮ ـــــﻊ ﻫـــــﻮ ﺻـــــﻮرة اﻟﻘـــــﻮس * أ ﺗـــــﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬـــــﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ اﻟـــــ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣـــﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮب ا ﻔ ﻨـــﺖ ﻫـــﻮراﻳﺰون . ﻳﻮﺟـــﺪ ﻣﺮﺻـــﺪ اﻟﻤــﺎ ﻓـــﻲﺻـــﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣــﺎ ﻓـــﻲ ﺗﺸـــ ﻠﻲ وﻫﻮ اﻷ ﻌﺘ ﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﺻﺪ ﻛ ﺣﺴﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺣﺎﻟ ﺎً ﺎﺳــــــــــﺘﺨﺪام ــــــــــﺔ ﻣﺼــــــــــﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣــــــــــﺎ اﻟﻜﺒــــــــــ ة اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ / ﺗﺤــــــــــﺖ ـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ اﻟﻤـــﺎ ) ( ، وﺟـــﺪ ﻋﻠﻤـــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚ ﻓﻘﺎﻋـــﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠـــﺔ ﺳـــﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻐـــﺎزﺗـــﺪورﺣـــﻮل اﻟﻘـــﻮس * أ اﻟﺜﻘـــﺐ اﻷﺳـــﻮد ﻓـــﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻣﺠﺮﻨــﺎ در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧـﺔ ، وﻫـﻲ ﺗﺘﺤـﺮك ﻨﺴــ ﺔ ٣٠ ٪ ﻣﻦﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء . ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ ﻠﺨﺺ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف . ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٣٢ ﻧﻮﻓﻤ دﻳﺴﻤ 2022