Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2024

37 yearsold),seenatthecenterofthis image. Some of these stars will eventually grow to the mass of our Sun. “Webb is a young stellar object- finding machine,” Green said. “In this field, we pick up sign posts of everysingleyoungstar,downtothe lowest mass stars.” “It’saverycompletepicturewe’re seeing now,” added Pontoppidan. So, throughout the region in this image,filamentsandwispsofdiffer- enthuesrepresentreflectedstarlight fromstill-formingprotostarswithin the cloud. In some areas, thereis dust in front of that reflection, whichappearsherewithanorange, diffuse shade. Thisregionhasbeenhometoother coincidental discoveries, including theflapping“BatShadow,”which earned its name when 2020 data from NASA’s Hubble Space Tele- scope revealed a star’s planet-form- ingdisktoflap,orshift.Thisfeature is visible at the center of the Webb image. The new image, and serendipitous discovery of the aligned objects, is actuallyjustthefirststepinthissci- entificprogram.Theteamwillnow use Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) to investigate the chemical make-up of the cloud. The astronomers are interested in determininghowvolatilechemicals survive star and planet formation. Volatilesarecompoundsthatsubli- mate, or transition from a solid di- rectly to a gas, at a relatively low temperature – including water and carbon monoxide. They’ll then com- paretheirfindingstoamountsfound in protoplanetary disks of similar- type stars. “At the most basic form, we are all made of matter that came from these volatiles. The majority of wa- ter here on Earth originated when the Sun was an infant protostar bil- lions of years ago,” Pontoppidan said. “Looking at the abundance of these critical compounds in proto- stars just before their protoplane- tary disks have formed could help us understand how unique the circum- stances were when our own solar system formed.”     ﺗُﻈﻬــــﺮ ﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــﻮرة اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻄـــــﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ ـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبﺟ ﻤﺲو ﻮ ﺎﻟـﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـــﺎ ﺟـــﺰء ا ﻣـــﻦﺳـــﺪ ﻢ اﻟ ـــﺎن ﺜﻌ ـــﺚ اﻛﺘﺸـــﻒ ﺣ ـﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻨ ﻤ ـــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺼـــــﻄﻔﺔ اﻷوﻟ . ـــــﺘﻢ اﻹﺷـــــﺎرة إﻟـــــﻰﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـــــﺎت ﻣـــــﻦ ﺧـــــﻼل ﺧﻄـــــﻮط ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠـــــﺔ ﻻﻣﻌـــــﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷ ﻤﺮ ـﺎرة ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت وﻫﻲﻋ ــﺎر ﺗﻀــﺮ اﻟﻐــﺎزواﻟﻐ ﺻـﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛــﺔ اﻟــ اﻟﻤﺤـــــــ ﻂ . ﻫﻨـــــــﺎ، ﻤﺜـــــــﻞ اﻟﻠـــــــﻮن اﻷ ﻤـــــــﺮوﺟـــــــﻮد اﻟ اﻟﻬ ﺪروﺟ ـ ﺠﺰ وأول أﻛﺴ ﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﻮن . - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 4 37 ﺧﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺣـﺪﻳﺜ ) ﺎً ﺣـﻮاﱄ 100,000 ( ﻋــﺎم ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ﰲ وﺳــﻂ ﻫــﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة وﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻄﺎف إﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻨﺎ . : " ﺮﻳﻦﻏﻗﺎل إن ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ آﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ اﻷﺟﺴـﺎم اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﰲ ". ﻫﺬا ا ﺠﺎل ﻧﻠﺘﻘﻂ إﺷﺎرات ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﻢ ﺷـﺎب وﺻﻮ ﻻً إﱃ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ذات اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ " . وأﺿﺎف ﺑﻮﻧﺘﻮﺑﻴﺪان " : إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ اﻵن ." ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ اﻵن ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤـﺎء ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـ ﻮرة ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ اﻟﺨﻴـﻮط واﻟﺨﺼــﻼت ذات اﻷﻟـﻮان ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ﺿـﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ داﺧـﻞ اﻟﺴـﺤﺎﺑﺔ وﰲ ﺑﻌـﺾ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻏﺒﺎر أﻣـﺎم ذﻟـﻚ اﻻﻧﻌﻜـﺎس اﻟﺬي ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻈﻞ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻣﻨﺘﴩ . ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﻄ ﻘـﺔ ﻣﻮﻃﻨًـﺎ ﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺼﺎدﻓﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ " ﻇﻞ اﻟﻮﻃﻮاط " اﻟﺬي اﻛﺘﺴﺐ اﺳﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻋﺎم ٢٠٢٠ اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﺬي اﻛﺘﺴﺐ اﺳﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻋﺎم 2020 اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻧ ﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺎﺳـﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﻗـﺮص ﻧﺠﻤـﻲ ﻳﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺣﻮﻟـﻪ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ أو ﻳﺘﺤـﺮك وﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب . وﻳﺐ إن اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة واﻻ ﻛﺘﺸﺎف ا ﺼـﺎدﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎم ا ﺤﺎذﻳـﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗـﻊ ﻣﺠـﺮد ﺧﻄــﻮة أوﱃ ﰲ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﱪﻧــﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ . ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻵن ﻧ ﺳﺒﻴﻚ ) ﻣﻄﻴـﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ( ﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ . ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺎء ا ﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ا ﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة أﺛﻨـﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ . ا ﻮاد ا ﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﻫـﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎ أو ت ﺗﺘﺴـﺎﻣﻰ ﺗﺘﺤـﻮل ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ا ﻟﺼـﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍة إﱃ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ د رﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ا ﺎء وأول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺳـﻴﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻌـﺪ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮا إﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺎت ا ﻮﺟـﻮ دة ﰲ اﻷﻗ ـﺮاص اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴ ـﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴ ـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ . ﰲ أﺑﺴﻂ أ ﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻌ ﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﺟﺎءت ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ا ﻮاد ا ﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة . ﻗﺎل ﺑﻮﻧﺘﻮﺑﻴﺪان إن :" ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ا ﺎء ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻷرض ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻧﺠﻤ أوﻟﻴ ﺎً ﺎً ﻳﺎﻓﻌﺎً ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻨ . إن اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ إﱃ وﻓﺮة ﻫﺬه ا ﺮﻛﺒﺎت ا ﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ أﻗﺮاﺻـﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴـﺔ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍة ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ " .