Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2024

circles, one from the evening, and the other from the morning. Data reveals the evening as signifi- cantly hotter, a searing 1,450de- grees Fahrenheit (800 degrees Cel- sius), and the morning a relatively cooler1,150degreesFahrenheit(600 degrees Celsius). “It’sreallystunningthatweareable toparsethissmalldifferenceout, and it’s only possible due Webb’s sensitivityacrossnear-infraredwave- lengthsanditsextremelystablepho- tometricsensors,” saidEspinoza. “Any tiny movement in the instrument or withtheobservatorywhilecollecting datawouldhaveseverelylimitedour abilitytomakethisdetection.Itmust beextraordinarilyprecise,andWebb is just that.” Extensive modeling of the data ob- tained also allows researchers to in- vestigate the structure of WASP-39 b’satmosphere,thecloudcover,and why the evening is hotter. Whilefutureworkbytheteamwill study how the cloud cover may af- fecttemperature,andviceversa,as- tronomersconfirmedgascirculation around the planet as the main cul- pritofthetemperaturedifference on WASP-39 b. On a highly irradi- atedexoplanetlikeWASP-39bthat orbitsrelativelyclosetoitsstar,re- searchersgenerallyexpectthegasto be moving as the planet rotates arounditsstar:Hottergasfromthe dayside should move through the eveningtothenightsideviaapow- erful equatorial jet stream. Since thetemperaturedifferenceissoex- treme, the air pressure difference would also be significant, which in turnwouldcausehighwindspeeds. UsingGeneralCirculationModels,3- dimensional models similar to the ones used to predict weather pat- terns on Earth, researchers found that on WASP-39 b the prevailing winds are likely moving from the nightsideacrossthemorningtermi- nator,aroundthedayside,across the evening terminator and then around the nightside. As a result,themorningsideoftheterminato r is cooler than the evening side. In other words, the morning side gets slammed with winds of air that have been cooled on the nightside, while the evening is hit by winds of air heatedonthedayside.Researchsug- gests the wind speeds on WASP-39 b can reach thousands of miles anhour! “This analysis is also particu- larly interesting because you’re get- ting 3D information on the planet that you weren’t getting before,” added Espinoza. “Because we cantell that the evening edge is hotter, that means it’s a little puffier. So, theoretically, there is a small swell at the terminator approaching the nightsideoftheplanet.”    ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻻﻧ ﻌﺎث ﻃ ﻒ ﻫﺬا ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄ ﺎف ﻧ ﺳﺒ ﻚ ﻟ ﻸﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟـ ـ ـﺔ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ( ﻋﻠـﻰﻣـ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب و ﺐ ُﻈﻬﺮوﺿﻊ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠﺠﺮم اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻊ ـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ـﺎتﺿـﻮء اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻘﺮ ﻤ ﺗﺤـــــﺖ اﻟـــــ ـ ــــــﺔ ﺑﻮ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮ اﺳـــــﻄﺔ اﻟﻐـــــﻼف اﻟــــــ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛـــــﺐ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤـــــﻲ اﻟﻌﻤــــــﻼق اﻟﻐـــــﺎزي اﻟﺴــــــﺎﺧﻦ WASP-39 b . ـﻒ دﻟـ ﻼً واﺿـﺤ ُﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟﻄ ﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰوﺟـﻮد اﻟﻤـﺎء وﺛـﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴـ ﺪ اﻟﻜﺮـﻮن وﺗ ﺎ ﻨـ ﺎً ﻓـﻲ درﺟـﺔ ـ اﻟــ ا ﺤﺮارة ﺑـــ ﻟﺼـــ ﺎح واﻟﻤﺴـــﺎء ﻋﻠـــﻰ اﻟ ﻮﻛـــﺐ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤـــﻲ . ـ ﻌـــﺪ اﻟـــ ﺨﻄﺎن اﻷزرق واﻷﺻـــﻔﺮﻧﻤﻮذﺟـــﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـــ ﺎ ـــﺎر اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧـــﺎت واﻟـــ ﺄﺧـــﺬ ﻓـــﻲ اﻻﻋﺘ ـ ﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓـــﺔ ﻟ ﻨ ﻢﻠـــ WASP-39 ـ ﻞ اﻟـــ ﻣﺜـــ ) ﺤ ﻢ واﻟﻜﺘﻠـــﺔ ودرﺟـــﺔ ـاﻟ ( ﺤﺮارة وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ا ﻟﻐﻼف اﻟ ـ ]. ﺠﻮي NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford (STScI [( ﻵنا ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻃ ﻴﻔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـ ﻣﻦ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ وﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﳼ ﺣـﺪود اﻟﻨﻬـﺎر اﻟﻠﻴـﻞ إ / ﻲ ﱃ ﻧﺼـﻔ داﺋـﺮﺗ واﺣــﺪة ﻣــﻦ ا ﺴــﺎء واﻷﺧــﺮى ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺼﺒﺎح . ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أن ا ﺴﺎء ﻛﺎن أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ اﻟﺤﺮارة 1450 درﺟــﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳــﺖ ) 800 درﺟــﺔ ( ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﺒﺎح أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة ﻧﺴـﺒﻴﺎ 1150 درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ) 600 درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ .( إﺳﺒﻴ ﻗﺎل : " ﻨﻮزا إﻧﻪ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻣـﺬﻫﻞ ﺣﻘـ ﺎً أﻧﻨـﺎ ﻗﺎدرو ن ﻋﲆ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺒﺴـﻴﻂ وﻫــﺬا ﻣﻤﻜــﻦ ﻓﻘ ـﻂ ﺑﺴ ـﺒﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳــﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻋﱪ اﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء وﻣﺴﺘﺸـﻌ ﺮاﺗﻪ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ". إن أي ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ ﺻﻐ ة ﰲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز أو ﻣﻊ ا ﺮﺻﺪ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﺄﻧﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺤـﺪ ﺑﺸـﺪة ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺪرﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ إﺟـﺮاء ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻜﺸـﻒ ﻳﺠـﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ و ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻫـﻮ ﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـﺎ . ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟـﺔ اﻟﺸـﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺤﺼـﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ أﻳﻀـ ﺎً ﻟﻠﺒـﺎﺣﺜ ﺑﺪراﺳـﺔ ﺑﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ﻟﻠﻜ ﻮﻛﺐ WASP-39b وﰲ ﺣـ أن اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﲇ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺳـﻴﺪرس ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗـﺄﺛ اﻟﻐﻄـﺎء اﻟﺴـﺤﺎﺑﻲ ﻋـﲆ درﺟــﺔ اﻟﺤـﺮارة واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻘﺪ أﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ أن دوران اﻟﻐـﺎز ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺴـﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﰲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة . - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 4 دوران اﻟﻐـﺎز ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺴـﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴ ـ ﴘ ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﰲ درﺟـﺎت اﻟﺤـﺮارة ﻋـﲆ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ WASP-39 b وﻋـﲆ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﻧﺠـﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﺜﻞ WASP-39b اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪور ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻤﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﺎ أن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻳﺘﺤﺮك أﺛﻨﺎء دوران اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ : ﺣﻮل ﻧﺠﻤﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻐـﺎز اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻬﺎري ﺧﻼل ا ﺴـﺎء إﱃ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ا ﻟﻠﻴﲇ ﻋﱪ ﺗﻴﺎر ﻧﻔـﺎث اﺳـﺘﻮاﺋﻲ ﻗﻮي وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻔﺮق ﰲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻓﺈن ﻓﺮق ﺿـﻐﻂ اﻟﻬـﻮاء ﺳـﻴﻜﻮن أﻳﻀ اً ﻛﺒ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺎً ﻳﺆدي ﺑﺪوره إﱃ ﴎﻋﺔ رﻳﺎح ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪا م ﻧﻤـﺎذج اﻟـﺪوران اﻟﻌـﺎم وﻫﻲ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌـﺎد ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻠـﻚ ا ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒـﺆ ﺑﺄﻧﻤـﺎ ط اﻟﻄﻘـﺲ ﻋـﲆ اﻷرض، وﺟﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح اﻟﺴـﺎﺋﺪة ﰲ WASP-39b ﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧ ﺐ اﻟﻠﻴﲇ ﻋﱪ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ اﻟﺼـﺒﺎﺣﻲ ـــ وﺣﻮل ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﻨﻬـﺎر ﻋـﱪ ﺧـﻂ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ا ﺴﺎﺋﻲ ﺛـﻢ ﺣـﻮل ﺧـﻂ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ا ﺴـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟ ﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻠﻴﲇ وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜـﻮن اﻟﺠﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﺼﺒﺎﺣﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮو دة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ا ﺴـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧـﺮ ﻳﺘﻌـﺮض اﻟﺠﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﺼـﺒﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﻫﻮاﺋ ﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻠﻴﲇ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ا ﺴﺎء ﻟﺮ ﻳﺎح ﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻬﺎر وﺗﺸ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث إﱃ أنﴎ ﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ WASP-39 b ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﱃ آﻻف اﻟ ﻜﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰات . ﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ أﺿﺎف إﺳﺒﻴﻨﻮزا " : إن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳـﺔ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻚ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺛﻼﺛﻴـﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺼـﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ و ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑـ ﺄن ﺣﺎﻓـﺔ ا ﺴـﺎء أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺳـﺨﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻓﻬـﺬا ﻳﻌﻨــﻲ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺎً ﻫﻨـﺎك اﻧﺘﻔـﺎخ ﺻﻐ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺻـﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻠﻴﲇ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ .