Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2024

galaxy is beginning to show [...] activ- ity,” saysco-author LorenaHernández García,fromMAS and the University ofValparaísoin Chile. “Ifso,this would be the first timethatwesee the activation of a massive black hole in real time.” Massiveblackholes —withmassesover one hundred thou- sand times that of our Sun — exist at the centre of most galaxies, including the Milky Way. “These giant mon- stersusuallyare sleepingandnot directlyvisible,” ex- plains co-author ClaudioRicci,from the Diego Portales University,alsoin Chile. “Inthecase ofSDSS1335+0728,wewereableto observetheawakeningofthemas- siveblackhole,[which]suddenly started to feast on gas available in its surroundings, becoming very bright.” —the awakening oftheblackhole — has been ob- served ealtime. Ricci, who is also af- filiated with theKavli Institute for Astronomy and As- trophysics at Peking University, China, adds: “This is some- thing that could happen also to our own Sgr A*, the massiveblackhole (...) located at the centre of our galaxy,” but it is unclear how likely this is to happen. Follow-up observations are still ever observed. “Regardless of the nature of the variations, [this galaxy] provides valuable information on how black holes grow and evolve,” Sánchez Sáez says. “We expect that instru- ments like [MUSE on the VLT orthose on the upcoming Extremely LargeTelescope(ELT)]willbekeyin understanding [why the galaxy is brightening].”    ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ُﻈﻬـــــــﺮ ﻫــــــــﺬا اﻟﺮﺳــــــــﻢ اﻟﺘﺨ ﻠــــــﻲ ﻓــــــﻲ ﻣــــــﺮﺣﻠﺘ ــــــــــــــﻮﻳﻦ ﻗــــــــــــــﺮص اﻟﻐــــــــــــــﺎز ﺗ ــــــــــﺎرﺣــــــــــﻮل اﻟﺜﻘــــــــــﺐ واﻟﻐ اﻷﺳـــــــــﻮد ﻓـــــــــﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـــــــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟــــــــــﻮد ﻓــــــــــﻲﻣﺮﻛـــــــــــﺰ اﻟﻤﺠــــــــــﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓــــــــــﺔ ﺑـــــــــــ SDSS1335+0728 . أﺿــﺎء ﻧــﻮاة ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺠـــﺮة ﻓـﻲﻋــﺎم 2019 و ﺴــﺘﻤﺮ ﻓــــــــــــﻲ اﻟﺴـــــــــــــﻄﻮع ﺣـــــــــــــ اﻟﻴــــــــــــﻮم وﻫــــــــــــﻲ اﻟﻤــــــــــــﺮة اﻷوﻟـﻰ ﻧ اﻟـ ﺮﺻــﺪ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ــ ﺎً ﺛﻘ أﺳـﻮدا ﺿــ ﻤﺎً ﺼــﺒﺢ ﻧﺸـــــــــــــﻄًﺎ ﻓـــــــــــــﻲ اﻟﻮﻗــــــــــــــﺖ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ . ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮ ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳـﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛـﺔ اﻟﻘـﺮص اﻟﻤﺘﻨـﺎﻣﻲﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤـﻮاد ﺣـﻮل اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد اﻟﻀــ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد ﻓــﻲﻣﺮﻛــﺰاﻟﻤﺠــﺮة SDSS1335+0728 اﻟــ ــﺪأت ﻓﺠــــﺄة ﺗﺘــــﺄﻟﻖ ﺸــــ ﻞ ﻛﺒــــ ﻓــــﻲ أواﺧــــﺮ ﻋــــﺎم 2019 وﺗــــﻢ ﺗﺼــــﻨ ﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠــــﻰ أﻧﻬــــﺎ ﺗﺤﺘــﻮيﻋﻠــﻰ ﻧــﻮاة ﻣﺠﺮ ــ ﻧﺸــﻄﺔ ﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣــﺔ ﺎﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛــﺰي اﻟــﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺤ ﻄﺔ ﺘﻐﺬ . ] ESO / . م [ ﻮرﻤ ﺴﺮ وﺿـﻮﺣًﺎ ﻟﺘﻔﺴ ـ ﻫ ـﺬه اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﻫﻮ أن ﻧﺮى ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧ ـﻮاة ] تﺑ ـﺪأ [ ا ﺠ ـﺮة ﰲ إﻇﻬﺎر اﻟ . طﻨﺸﺎ وأﺿﺎﻓﺖ : " إذا ﻛــﺎن اﻷﻣــﺮ ﻛــﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه ﻫـﻲ ا ـﺮة اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻧــﺮى ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﺿﺨﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮة ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟ . ﻔﻌﲇ ﺗﻮﺟــﺪ ﺛﻘــﻮب ﺳــﻮداء ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺎﺋﺔ أﻟـﻒ ﻣــﺮة ﰲ ﻣﺮاﻛــﺰ ﻣﻌﻈــﻢ ا ﺠﺮات ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧ ــﺔ ﻳﻮ . ﺿ ــﺢ ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸـﺎرك ﻛﻼودﻳـﻮ رﻳﺘﴚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻳﻴﻐﻮ ﺑﻮرﺗﺎﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ أﻳﻀًﺎ : " ﻋـﺎدةً ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻜـﻮن ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻮﺣﻮش اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻧﺎﺋﻤـﺔ وﻏ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﻟﻜــﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ ا ﺠــﺮة SDSS1335 + 0728 ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣـﻦ رﺻـﺪ إﻳﻘـﺎظ اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻟﻀـﺨﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺑﺪأ ﻓﺠـﺄة ﻳﺘﻐـﺬى ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻐـﺎز ا ﺘـﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄــﻪ ، ﻟﻴﺼــﺒﺢ ﺳــﺎﻃﻌ ﺎُ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳــﺔ . ﻳﻘــﻮل ﻫ ﻧﺎﻧﺪﻳﺰ ﺟﺎرﺳـﻴﺎ " : ﻟـﻢ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻘًﺎ " . أﻓﺎدت دراﺳﺎت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ أن ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺼـﺒﺢ ﻧﺸـﻄﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻋـﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ ا ﺮة اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ رﺻــﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﻧﻔﺴــﻬﺎ إﻳﻘـﺎ ظ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ وﻳﻀـﻴﻒ رﻳﺘﴚ ا ﻨﺘﺴـﺐ أﻳﻀـ ﺎ إﱃ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﲇ ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻜ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺼ :» ﻫـﺬا ﳾء ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﻳﺤــﺪث أﻳﻀــ ﺎ ﻟﺜﻘﺒﻨﺎ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ا ﺴﻤﻰ Sgr A *« ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ " ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏـــ اﻟﻮاﺿـــﺢ ﻣـــﺪى اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪوث ذﻟﻚ . ﻻ ﺗـﺰال ﻫﻨـﺎك ﺣﺎﺟـﺔ إﱃ أرﺻ ـﺎد ﻟ ﻠﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌــﺔ وذﻟــﻚ ﻻﺳـــﺘﺒﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﻔﺴـــ ات ا ﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ . واﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎل اﻵﺧـﺮ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ واﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻵﺧـﺮ ﻫـﻮ أﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧ ﺸـﻬﺪ ﺣـﺪث اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻣﺪ وﺟﺰر ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏ ﻋﺎدي أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة و إذا ﻛـﺎن ﻫــ ﺬا ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗــﻊ ﺣــﺪث اﺿــﻄﺮاب ﻣــﺪ وﺟــﺰر ﻓﺴـﻴﻜﻮن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺤــﺪث اﻷﻃـﻮل واﻷﺿـﻌﻒ ﻣــﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪه ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق . ﻳﻘﻮل ﺳﺎﻧﺸﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﻳﺰ " : ﺑﻐـﺾ اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﺎن ﻫـﺬه ا ﺠـﺮة SDSS1335+0728 ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻬﻤﺔ و ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴـ ﺔ ﻧﻤـﻮ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ ." ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ أن ﺗﻜـﻮن أﺟﻬـﺰة ﻣﺘﻄـﻮرة ﻣﺜـﻞ ا ﻣﻄﻴـﺎف ﺴﺘﻜﺸـﻒ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺬي( ﻣﻮس) ﻳ ﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻄﻮل ا ـﻮﺟﻲ ا ﺮﺋـﻲ وﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑ ﻣﺠﺎل رؤﻳﺔ واﺳـﻊ ودﻗـﺔ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻧﻄﺎق ﻃﻴﻔـﻲ ﻣﺘـﺰاﻣﻦ ﻛﺒ وا ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـﺪاً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ أو ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻘـﺎدم ﺳـﺘﻜﻮن ﻫـﻲ ا ﻔﺘـﺎح ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻄﻮع ا ﺠﺮة . - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 4 22