Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2023 ARABIC VERSION

A   Webb makes first detection of crucial carbon molecule by NASA/ESA/CSA Bethany Downer Christine Pulliam team of international scien- tists has used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to detect a new carbon compound in space for the first time. Known as methyl cation (pronounced cat-eye- on) (CH 3 + ), the molecule is important because it aids the formation of more complex carbon-based mole- cules. Methyl cation was detected in a young star system, with a proto- planetary disk, known as d203-506, which is located about 1,350 light- years away in the Orion Nebula. Carbon compounds form the foun- dations of all known life, and as such are particularly interesting to scien- tists working to understand both how life developed on Earth, and how it could potentially develop elsewhere in our universe. The study of interstellar organic (car- bon-containing) chemistry, which Webb is opening in new ways, is an area of keen fascination to many as- tronomers. CH 3 + is theorized to be particularly important because it re- acts readily with a wide range of other molecules. As a result, it acts like a “train station” where a mole- cule can remain for a time before going in one of many different di- rections to react with other mole- cules. Due to this property, scientists suspect that CH 3 + forms a corner- stone of interstellar organic chem- istry. The unique capabilities of Webb made it the ideal observatory to search for this crucial molecule. Webb’s exquisite spatial and spectral resolution, as well as its sensitivity, all contributed to the team’s success. In particular, Webb’s detection of a series of key emission lines from CH 3 + cemented the discovery. “This detection not only validates the incredible sensitivity of Webb but also confirms the postulated central importance of CH 3 + in interstellar chem- istry,” said Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel of the University of Paris-Saclay in France, a member of the science team. While the star in d203-506 is a small red dwarf, the sys- tem is bombarded by strong ultraviolet (UV) light from nearby hot, young, massive stars. Sci- entists believe that most ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 44 " و ﺐ" ﻳﺤﻘﻖ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﮫ اﻷول ﻟـﺠﺰيء اﻟﻜﺮ ﻮن اﻟـﺤﻴﻮي ﺑ: ﻘﻠﻢ ﺜﺎﻧﻲ داوﻧﺮ و ﺑﻮﻟ ﺎم ﻛﺮﺴﺘ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻻوروﺑ ﺔ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻜﻨﺪ ﺔ NIRCam Near Infrared ﺗُﻈﻬــﺮ اﻟﻠﻮﺣــﺔ اﻟ ﺴــﺮى اً ﺟــﺰء ﻣــﻦﺳــﺪ ﻢ اﻟـــﺠ ﺎر اﻟﻤﻌــﺮوف ﺎﺳـﻢﺷــﺮﻂ Orion إﻧﻬــﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـــﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻋـــﻞ ﻓﻴﻬـــﺎ اﻟﻀـــﻮء ﻓـــﻮق اﻟ ﻨﻔﺴـــﺠﻲ اﻟﻨﺸـــﻂ اﻟﺼـــﺎدرﻋـــﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـــﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌـــﺔ ـﺔ اﻟ ﺴـﺮى ﻗ ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺰاو ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮ - ﻣـﻊ اﻟﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟـ ـ ﺠﺰ ﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻔـﺔ . ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ اﻹﺷـﻌﺎع اﻟﻨ ﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂ ﻞﺷﺮﻂ أور ﻮن ﺑ ﻂء وﻫﺬا ﻟﮫ ﺗـﺄﺛ ﻋﻤﻴـﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟـ ـ ـﺎء ﺠﺰ ﺌﺎت واﻟﻜ ﻤ ﺗﺸـ ﻠﺖﺣـﻮل اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺣﺪ ﺜـﺔ اﻟـﻮﻻدة ـﺔ اﻟـ ـﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻓـﻲ اﻷﻗـﺮاص اﻟ ﻮﻛﺒ . ﻫﻨـﺎ اﻟﺼــ ﻮرة اﻷﻛــ ﻋﻠـــﻰ اﻟ ﺴـــﺎر ﻣـــﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣــﻦ ـــﺎم ﻧ ) ـــﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ ا ﻤـــﺮاء ا ـــﺔ ﻟﻘﺮ .( ﻓـــﻲ ــــﺰء اﻟﻌﻠــــﻮي اﻷ ﻤــــﻦ ا ﻳﺮﻛــــﺰ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮب ﻋﻠــــﻰﻣﻨﻄ ﻘــــﺔ أﺻــــﻐﺮ ﺎﺳــــﺘﺨﺪام اداة ) ﻣــــ ي اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ .( ـﺔ ﻋﺸـﺮﻣﺮﺷـﺤًﺎ ﻋـ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﮫ ﺛﻤﺎﻧ ـــﻞ ﻣــــﻦ أدوات ــــﺎم ﻣــــ يو ﻧ ﻓــــﻲﻫــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــﻮر ﺗﻐﻄــــﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻗــــ واﻟــــ ﺎً ﻣــــﻦ اﻷﻃــــﻮال ـﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ 1.4 ﻣ ﻜــﺮون ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ ـ ـﺔ إﻟــﻰ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ 25.5 ﻣ ﻜــﺮون ﻓــﻲ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ ا ﻤـﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ . ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ MIRI ﻧﻈـﺎم ﻧ ﻤـﻲﺷـﺎب ـﻮن ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛــﺐ ﺴـﻤﻰ ﻣـﻊ ﻗــﺮصﻣ d203-506. ﻌـﺮض اﻟﺴــﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻮد ﻓــﻲ أﺳــﻔﻞ ﺻــﻮرة اﻟ ﻤــ ﻣــ ــﺎم يو ﻧ ﻣﺪﻣﺠــﺔ ﻟﻬــﺬا اﻟﻨﻈــﺎم اﻟﺸــﺎب . ﺷـ ﻠﮫ اﻟﻤﻤﺘــﺪ ﻳﺮﺟــﻊ إﻟــﻰ ﺗﻀــــﺮﮫ اﻟﻀــــﻐﻂ اﻟﻨــــﺎﺗﺞ ﻋــــﻦ اﻷﺷــــﻌﺔ ﻓــــﻮق اﻟ ﻨﻔﺴــــﺠ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳــــ ﺔ اﻟــــ . اﻛﺘﺸــــﻒﻓﺮ ــــﻖ دوﻟﻲﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚﺟﺰيء ﻛﺮﻮن ﺟﺪ ﺪ ﻌﺮف ﺎﺳﻢ ﺎﺗﻴﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺜﻴﻞﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ d203-506 . [ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, M. Zamani (ESA/Webb), PDRs4ALL ERS Team [ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻻﺧﺮى وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺨﺎﺻـﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﰲ أن CH3 + ﻳﺸـﻜﻞ ﺣﺠـﺮ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم . إن اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ﻟ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺟﻌﻠـﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ا ﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺜﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠـﺰيء ا ﻬﻢ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ا ﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ وﻋﲆ وﺟـﻪ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص ﻋﺰز اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ + CH3 ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎري أﻟ ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ دروﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲﺳـﺎﻛﻼي ﰲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ، وﻫﻲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـــﻲ " : ﻻ ﻳﺆﻛـــﺪ ﻫـــﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ وﻳﺐ ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ، ﺑﻞ ﻳﺆﻛـﺪ أﻳﻀًـــﺎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴـــﺔ ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳـــﺔ ا ﻔﱰﺿﺔ ﻟـ CH3+ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . وﰲ ﺣ أن اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﰲ d203-506 ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗـﺰم أﺣﻤـﺮ ﺻـﻐ ﻓـﺈن - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 3 اﺳﺘﺨ ﺪــ ـــ ﻓ ﺮﻳﻖ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟـﺪوﻟﻴ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟ ﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﻛﺮﺑـﻮن ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﻷول ﻣـﺮة . ﻳُﻌـﺮف ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮن ا ﻴﺜﻴﻞ (CH3+) وﻫﻮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎت أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪًا ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن . ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮن ا ﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﺠﻤـﻲ ﺷﺎب ﻣﻊ ﻗﺮص ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻲ أوﱄ ﻳُﻌـﺮف ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ d203-506 واﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻌـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺣـﻮاﱄ 1350 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﺎر . ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن أﺳـﺲ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ أﺷـﻜﺎل اﻟﺤﻴ ـﺎة ا ﻌﺮوﻓ ـﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ـﺎﱄ ﻓﻬ ـﻲ ﻣﺜ ـ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤـﺎم ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺧـﺎص ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻋـﲆ اﻷرض وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎن آﺧﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﰲ . إن دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ) ا ﺤﺘﻮﻳـﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ( واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ وﻳﺐ ﺑﻄﺮق ﺟﺪﻳﺪة، ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻳﺜ اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ . وﻣـﻦ ا ﻔﱰض أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟـ + CH3 أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ " ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﺎر " ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠـﺰيء أن ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻔﱰة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺘﺤﺮك ﰲ أﺣـﺪ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫـﺎت ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻣـﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى . اﺳﺘﺨﺪم