Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2023 ARABIC VERSION

0 Gemini South captures Toby Jug Nebula by NOIRLab − Charles Blue he glowing nebula IC 2220, nicknamed the Toby Jug Neb- ula owing to its resemblance to an old English drinking vessel, is a rare astronomical find. This reflec- tion nebula, located about 1200 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Carina (the keel), is a double-lobed, or bipolar, cloud of gas and dust created and illumi- nated by the red-giant star at its center. This end-of-life phase of red giant stars is relatively brief, and the celestial structures that form around them are rare, making the Toby Jug Nebula an excellent case study into stellar evolution. This image, captured by the Gemini South telescope, one half of the In- ternational Gemini Observatory, op- erated by NSF’s NOIRLab, showcases the Toby Jug Nebula’s magnificent, nearly symmetrical double-looped structure and glowing stellar heart. These features are unique to red gi- ants transitioning from aging stars to planetary nebulae and therefore offer astronomers valuable insight into the evolution of low- to inter- mediate-mass stars nearing the end of their lives as well as the cosmic structures they form. At the heart of the Toby Jug Nebula is its progenitor, the red-giant star HR3126. Red giants form when a star burns through its supply of hy- drogen in its core. Without the out- ward force of fusion, the star begins to contract. This raises the core tem- ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبﺟ ﻤ ﺳﺎوث ﻠﺘﻘﻂﺳﺪ ﻢ إﺑﺮ ﻖ ﺗﻮﺑﻲ : ﻘﻠﻢ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻠﻮ - ﻣﺨﺘ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب ـــــــــ ــ ا ﺘ ـﻮﻫﺞ IC 222 ا ﺴــﻤﻰ ﺑﺴﺪﻳﻢ إﺑﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗ ﻣﻊ ﺸﺎﺑﻬﻪ وﻋﺎء ﴍب إﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﻌـﺪ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓًﺎ ﻓﻠﻜﻴـﺎً . اً ﻧﺎدر ﻳﻘﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﳼﻋﲆ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺣﻮاﱄ 1200 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ اﺗﺠـﺎه ﻛﻮﻛﺒـﺔ ) ﻛﺎرﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ( ، وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳـﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻮص أو ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻄـﺐ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر ﺗﻜﻮﻧـﺖ وأﺿـﺎءت ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﻤـﻼق ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫـﺎ . ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ـﺔ ﺣﻴ ـﺎة اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗ ـﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ـﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ـﺔ ﺣﻴ ـﺎة اﻟﻨﺠـﻮ م اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗــﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻗﺼـ ة ﻧﺴـﺒﻴًﺎ ﻛﻤـﺎ أن اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛـﻞ اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻧـﺎدرة ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ دراﺳـﺔ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ إﺑﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗـﻮﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﻣﻤﺘـﺎزة ﰲ ﺗﻄــﻮر اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم . ﺗُﻈﻬ ـﺮ ﻫــﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة، اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗ ـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬ ـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨــﻲ ﺳـﺎوث ، وﻫـﻮ أﺣــﺪ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ اﻟـﺪوﱄ، وا ﻟـﺬي ﻳﺪﻳﺮه ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ وا ﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ وا ﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت ﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ إﺑﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﻮﺑﻲ واﻟﻘﻠـﺐ اﻟﻨﺠﻤـﻲ ا ﺘـﻮﻫﺞ إن . ﻫـﺬه ا ﻴﺰات ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ا ﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻬﺮﻣـﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺴﺪم اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ رؤﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ذات اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ا ﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ إﱃ ا ﺘ ﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻘـﱰب ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ . ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ إﺑﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗـﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﻠﻔﻪ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻌﻤـﻼق اﻷﺣﻤـﺮ HR3126 . ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤـﱰق اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـ ﻼل إﻣـﺪادات اﻟﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ - ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2 0 2 3 اﻟﺴﺪﻳ ﻢـ