Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2023 ARABIC VERSION

G 24 Webb identifies the earliest strands of the cosmic web by NASA/ESA/CSA Ann Jenkins Christine Pulliam alaxies are not scattered ran- domly across the universe. They gather together not only into clusters, but into vast interconnected filamentary structures with gigantic barren voids in between. This “cosmic web” started out tenuous and be- came more distinct over time as grav- ity drew matter together. Astronomers using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have discovered a thread-like arrangement of 10 galax- ies that existed just 830 million years after the big bang. The 3 million light- year-long structure is anchored by a luminous quasar – a galaxy with an active, supermassive black hole at its core. The team believes the filament will eventually evolve into a massive cluster of galaxies, much like the well- known Coma Cluster in the nearby universe. “I was surprised by how long and how narrow this filament is,” said team member Xiaohui Fan of the University of Arizona in Tucson. “I expected to find something, but I didn’t expect such a long, distinctly thin structure.” “This is one of the earliest filamentary structures that people have ever found associated with a distant quasar,” added Feige Wang of the University of Arizona in Tucson, the principal investigator of this program. This discovery is from the ASPIRE proj- ect (A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era), whose main goal is to study the cosmic envi- ronments of the earliest black holes. In total, the program will observe 25 quasars that existed within the first billion years after the big bang, a time known as the Epoch of Reionization. “The last two decades of cosmology research have given us a robust un- derstanding of how the cosmic web forms and evolves. ASPIRE aims to understand how to incorporate the emergence of the earliest massive black holes into our current story of the formation of cosmic structure,” explained team member Joseph Hen- nawi of the University of California, Santa Barbara.       " و ﺐ" ﻳﺤﺪد أﻗﺪم ﺧﻴﻮطاﻟﺸ ﻜﺔ اﻟ ﻮﻧ ﺔ ت ﺮاــــﺠا ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻨ ﺘﴩة ـ ﰲ ﺎً ﻋﺸـﻮاﺋﻴ ﺟﻤ ﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻜﻮن إﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﻤـﻊ ﻣ ﰲ ﺎً ﻌـ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑـﻞ ﰲ ﻫﻴﺎﻛـﻞ ﺧﻴﻄﻴـﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ وﻣﱰ اﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑ. ﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬ ﺪأت ﻫﺬه » اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ « ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺛﻢ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﺑﺠﻤـﻊ ا ـﺎدة ﻣ . ﺎً ﻌـ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒ ـ ﺎً ﻣ ﻌﴩ ـﻟ ـ ﺎً ﺧﻴﻄﻴ ـ ﺠ ـﺮات ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻌﺪ 830 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣـﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠ ﺎر اﻷﻋﻈﻢ . ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜـﻞ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ 3 ﻣ ﻼﻳـ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻛﻮازار ﻣﴤء وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺑﻬـﺎ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻧﺸﻂ وﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫـﺎ وﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺨﻴﻂ ﺳـﻴﺘﻄﻮر ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻄـﺎف إﱃ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺿـﺨﻤﺔ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ﺗﺸﺒﻪ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻮﻣـﺎ ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن اﻟﻘﺮﻳـﺐ و ﻗـﺎل ﻋﻀـﻮ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﺎو ﻫﻮي ﻓﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أرﻳﺰوﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻮن " : ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻓﻮﺟﺌـﺖ ﺑﻄـﻮل ﻫـﺬا 24 اﻟﺨﻴﻂ وﻣﺪى ﺿﻴﻘﻪ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﺖ أﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ ﳾء ﻣﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻨـﻲ ﻟـﻢ أﺗﻮﻗـﻊ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻄﻮﻳـﻞ واﻟﺮﻓﻴـﻊ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ واﺿـﺢ . أﺿـﺎف ﻓـﻴﺞ و اﻧـﺞ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ أرﻳﺰوﻧـﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺮﺋ ـ ﻴﴘ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﱪﻧـﺎﻣﺞ " : ﻫـﺬه واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻗـﺪم اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛـﻞ اﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق ا ﺮﺗﺒﻄـﺔ ﺑﻜـﻮازار ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ." ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـ ـ ﴩوع أﺳﺒﺎﻳﺮ ) ﻣﺴﺢ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻬـﺎﻻت ا ﺘﺤﻴـﺰة ﰲ ـﻋ ( ﴫ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻤﺜـﻞ ﻫﺪﻓـﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴ ـ ﴘ ﰲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎ ت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﻮب ا ﻟﺴﻮداء اﻷوﱃ و ﰲ ا ﺠﻤﻞ ﺳ ﺻﺪ اﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ 25 ﻛﻮزار ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺧﻼل ا ﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻌﻈـﻴﻢ ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻣﻨﺤ ﻨـﺎ ﺘ أﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ ﻦ ﻳﺧ ﻦ اﻷ ﻳ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺎت ﺎً ﻗﻮﻳ ﺎً ﻓﻬﻤ ﻟﻜﻴﻔ ﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ ، أوﺿﺢ ﻋﻀـﻮ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﺟﻮزﻳـﻒ ﺣﻨﺎوي ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ أن ﻣ ـ ﴩوع أﺳﺒﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﻬﺪف إﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ دﻣـﺞ ﻇﻬـﻮر أﻗﺪم اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺼـﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ . : ﻘﻠﻢ آن ﺟﻨﻜ ﺲ و ﺑﻮﻟ ﺎم ﻛﺮﺴﺘ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻜﻨﺪ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات