Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2022 ARABIC VERSION

astronomers thought that this burst might be coming from a nearby gal- axy,” said Laskar, adding that a significant amount of dust in the area also obscured the object from detection in optical obser- vations with the Hubble Space Telescope. Each wavelength added a new dimension to scien- tists’ understanding of the GRB, and millimeter, in particular, was critical to uncovering the truth about the burst. “The Hubble observations revealed an unchanging field of galaxies. ALMA’s unparalleled sensitivity al- lowed us to pinpoint the location of the GRB in that field with more preci- sion, and it turned out to be in another faint galaxy, which is further away. That, in turn, means that this short-duration gamma- ray burst is even more powerful than we first thought, making it one of the most luminous and energetic on record, ” said Laskar. Wen-fai Fong, an Assis- tant Professor of Physics and Astronomy at North- western University added, “This short gamma-ray burst was the first time we tried to observe such an event with ALMA. Afterglows for short bursts are very difficult to come by, so it was spec- tacular to catch this event shining so bright. After many years of observ- ing these bursts, this surprising dis- covery opens up a new area of study, as it motivates us to observe many more of these with ALMA, and other telescope arrays, in the future.” Joe Pesce, National Science Founda- tion Program Officer for NRAO/ ALMA said, “These observations are fantastic on many levels. They pro- vide more information to help us understand the enigmatic gamma- ray bursts (and neutron-star astro- physics in general), and they demon- strate how important and comple- mentary multi-wavelength observa- tions with space- and ground-based telescopes are in understanding as- trophysical phenomena.” And there’s plenty of work still to be done across multiple wave- lengths, both with new GRBs and with GRB 211106A, which could uncover additional sur- prises about these bursts. “The study of short-dura- tion GRBs requires the rapid coordination of tel- escopes around the world and in space, oper- ating at all wave- lengths,” said Edo Berger, Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University. “In the case of GRB 211106A, we used some of the most powerful telescopes available — ALMA, the National Science Founda- tion’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observa- tory, and the Hubble Space Telescope. With the now-operational James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and future 20-40 meter optical and radio telescopes such as the next generation VLA (ngVLA) we will be able to produce a complete picture of these cata- clysmic events and study them at unprecedented distances.” Laskar added, “With JWST, we can now take a spectrum of the host galaxy and easily know the distance, and in the future, we could also use JWST to capture infrared afterglows and study their chemical composition. With ngVLA, we will be able to study the geometric structure of the afterglows and the star-forming fuel found in their host environ- ments in unprecedented detail. I am excited about these upcoming dis- coveries in our field.”     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٥٤ اﻋﺘﻘ ـﺪ ﻋﻠﻤ ـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠ ـﻚ أن ﻫ ـﺬا اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻗﺎدﻣًـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠﺮة “ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ، ﻗﺎل ﻻﺳﻜﺎر ﺄن ﺑ ﻛﻤﻴــﺔ ﻛﺒــ ة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻐﺒــﺎر ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺠﺒﺖ أﻳﻀًـﺎ اﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻋـــﻦ اﻛﺘﺸ ــﺎﻓﻪ ﰲ اﻷرﺻـــﺎد اﻟﺒﴫﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ، ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻘـﺪ أﺿـﺎف ﻛـﻞ ﻃـﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪًا ﺟﺪﻳـﺪًا ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﻫـﺬا اﻻﻧ ﻔﺠـﺎر وﻛـﺎن ا ﻠﻴﻤـﱰ ﻋـﲆ وﺟ ـﻪ اﻟﺨﺼــﻮ ص أﻣ ـﺮًا ﺑــﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴ ــﺔ ﻟﻜﺸـــﻒ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـــﺔ اﻻﻧﻔﺠــﺎر . ﻛﺸــﻔﺖ أرﺻــﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘـﻞ ﻏـ ﻣﺘﻐ ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺗﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤـﺎﱄ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻧﻔﺠ ﺎر أﺷﻌ ﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬا ا ﺠﺎل ﺑﺪﻗﺔ أﻛﱪ واﺗﻀﺢ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺧﺎﻓﺘـﻪ أﺧﺮى وﻫﻲ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺜ . وﻫﺬا ﺑـﺪوره ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ أن اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﻗﺼـ ا ـﺪى ﻫـﺬ ا أﻗﻮى ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳـﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠـﻪ واﺣـﺪًا ﻣـﻦ أﻛﺜـﺮ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات إﴍاﻗًﺎ وﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق " أﺿـﺎﻓﺖ وﻳـﻦ ﻓـﺎي ﻓﻮﻧﻎ ، اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ا ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﰲ ﺟ ﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻧـﻮرث " وﻳﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ــــــــ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺼ ة ﻣﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ا ﺮة اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪًا اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ وﻫﺞ اﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﻗﺼ ة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ ا ﺬﻫﻞ أن ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪث ﺳﺎﻃﻌًﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ، ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ا ﻔـﺎﺟﺊ ﻣﺠﺎﻻً ﺟﺪﻳـﺪًا ﻟﻠﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻷﻧـﻪ ﻳﺤﻔﺰﻧـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ــﺎ ا ﺘﻄ ــﻮر إﺿـــﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﻣﺼـــﻔﻮﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ." ـــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــ اﺿﺎف ﺟﻮ ﺑﻴﺴﻜﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺎ وا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي ، " ﻫﺬه اﻷرﺻﺎد راﺋﻌـﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت . ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻧﻔﺠﺎرات أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀـﺔ ) واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋـﺎم ( ، وﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﻣﺪى أﻫﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ا ﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷﻃـﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻷرﺿــﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻓﻬــﻢ اﻟﻈــﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ وﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ ـ ا ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻌ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻪ ﻋﱪ أﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ، ﻣﻊ ﻛـﻞ ﻣــﻦ ا ﻧﻔﺠــﺎرات اﺷـﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣ ـﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة و ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ (GRB 211106A) واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺂت إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات . ﻗﺎل إﻳﺪو ﺑ ﻏــﺮ ، أﺳــﺘﺎذ ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌــﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓــﺎرد " : ﺗﺘﻄﻠــﺐ دراﺳﺔ اﻧﻔﺠﺎرات اﺷـﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣـﺎ ﻗﺼ ة ا ـﺪى ﺗﻨﺴـﻴﻘًﺎ ﴎﻳﻌًـﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﺣـﻮل اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ وﰲ اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎء ، وﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻋـﲆ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ أﻃــﻮال ا ﻮﺟــﺎت ﰲو ." ﻫــﺬه اﻟ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﻀًـﺎ ﻣـﻦ أﻗــﻮى اﻟﺘﻠﺴــﻜﻮﺑﺎت ا ﺘﺎﺣــﺔ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ـﺎ و ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛـﺎرل ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻜﻲ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪًا اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ وﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﺗﺸــﺎﻧﺪرا ﻟﻸﺷــﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳﺎ وﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑ ـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ . ﻣ ـﻦ ﺧــﻼل ﺗﻠﺴﻜ ﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﴫـﻳﺔ ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻘـﺎس ٢٠-٤٠ ﻣـﱰًا ﻣﺜـﻞ ا ﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟـﺪأ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳـﺔ اﻟﺠﻴـﻞ اﻟﺘــﺎﱄ (ngVLA) ﺳــﻨﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣــﻦ إﻧﺘــﺎج ﺻــﻮرة ﻛﺎﻣﻠــﺔ ﻟﻬــﺬه اﻷﺣـﺪاث اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﻴ ـﺔ ودراﺳـﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻏ ﻣﺴﺒﻮق . وأﺿـﺎف ﻻﺳـﻜﺎر ، " ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴــﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ، ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻵن أﺧـﺬ ﻃﻴـﻒ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠﺮة ا ﻀﻴﻔﺔ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ا ﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ وﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط وﻫـﺞ اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء ودراﺳــﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬــﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴــﺎﺋﻲ . وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ا ﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﺟﺪأ اﻟﺮادﻳ ﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ (ngVLA) ، ﺳﻨﻜﻮن ﻗـﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋـﲆ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﳼ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻫﺠﺎت اﻟﻼﺣﻘ ﺔ ووﻗﻮد ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺎت ا ﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻏ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ . ﺳﺒﺘﻤ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2022 ﺳـــﺠﻞ ﻓـــﻲ ﺗﺴﻠﺴـــﻞ اﻟﻔﺎﺻـــﻞ اﻟـــﺰﻣ ة ﻷول ﻣــــــــﺮ ﻋﻠــــــــﻰ اﻹﻃــــــــﻼقﻻﻧﻔﺠـــــــــﺎر ﻓـﻲﺿـﻮ أﺷـﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣـﺎ ﻗﺼـ اﻟﻤـﺪ ء ــــــــﺔ ، ﻧـــــــــﺮى ﻃــــــــﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟــــــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ GRB 21106A ﻤــﺎ ﺗـــﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃـــﮫ ﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼــﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎ ﺎﻣـﺎ اﻟ ﻜﺒــ ة اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤــــ - ﺗﻠﺴــــ ﻮب أﻟﻤــــﺎ اﻟﺮادﻳــــﻮي ﻧـــﺮاﻩ ﻫﻨـــﺎ ﻳﺤـــﺪد ﺿـــﻮء اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤـــ اﻟـــﺬ ــﺪة ــﺪث ﻟﻤﺠــﺮة ﻣﻀـ ﻔﺔ ﻌ ﻣﻮﻗــﻊ ا ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺼــﻮراﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻄــﺔ ﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮبﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ . ﻳــﻮﻓﺮﺗﻄــﻮرﺳــﻄﻮ ع ﺿﻮء اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ ي ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟ ﻦﻋ اﻟ ﻄﺎﻗﺔ و ﻟ ﻬﻨﺪﺳـﺔ ﻠﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠـﮫ ﻋـﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر [ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/ NRAO), T. Laskar (Utah), S. Dagnello (NRAO/AUI/NSF)]