Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2022 ARABIC VERSION

implications of the discov- ery are still substantial, lending support to theories that the majority of mas- sive stars form and evolve as binary systems. Unlike supernovae that have a puffy shell of gas to light up, the progenitors of fully stripped-envelope supernovae have proven difficult to identify in pre- explosion images. Now that astronomers have been lucky enough to identify the surviving com- panion star, they can use it to work backward and de- termine characteristics of the star that exploded, as well as the unprecedented opportunity to watch the aftermath unfold with the survivor. As a massive star itself, SN 2013ge’s companion is also destined to undergo a su- pernova. Its former partner is now likely a compact ob- ject, such as a neutron star or black hole, and the com- panion will likely go that route as well. The closeness of the original com- panion stars will determine if they stay together. If the distance is too great, the companion star will be flung out of the system to wander alone across our galaxy, a fate that could explain many seemingly soli- tary supernovae. However, if the stars were close enough to each other pre-supernova, they will con- tinue orbiting each other as black holes or neutron stars. In that case, they would eventually spiral toward each other and merge, creating gravitational waves in the process. That is an exciting prospect for as- tronomers, as gravitational waves are a branch of astrophysics that has only begun to be explored. They are waves or ripples in the fabric of spacetime itself, predicted by Albert Einstein in the early 20 th century. Gravitational waves were first di- rectly observed by the Laser Interfer- ometer Gravitational-Wave Obser- vatory (LIGO). “With the surviving companion of SN 2013ge, we could potentially be seeing the prequel to a gravitational wave event, al- though such an event would still be about a billion years in the future,” Fox said. Fox and his collaborators will be working with Hubble to build up a larger sample of surviving companion stars to other super- novae, in effect giving SN 2013ge some company again. “There is great potential beyond just under- standing the supernova itself. Since we now know most massive stars in the universe form in binary pairs, observations of surviving companion stars are necessary to help under- stand the details behind binary for- mation, material-swapping, and co- evolutionary development. It’s an exciting time to be studying the stars,” Fox said. “Understanding the lifecycle of massive stars is particu- larly important to us because all heavy elements are forged in their cores and through their supernovae. Those elements make up much of the observable universe, including life as we know it,” added co-author Alex Filippenko of the University of California at Berkeley.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٤٥ ا ﺴــﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ أﻷﺧــﺮى اﻟﺪاﻋﻤــﺔ وا ﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗـﺰال اﻵﺛـﺎر ا ﱰﺗﺒـﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳـﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳـﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠ ـﺔ ﺑ ـﺄن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ وﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﻛﻨﻈﻢ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ . ﻋﲆ ﻋﻜﺲ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻏﻼف ﻏﺎز ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻟﺘﴤء ، ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺛﺒ ـﺖ ﺻـﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ـﺪ أﺳ ـﻼف ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤــﻰ ا ﻐﻠﻔــﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣــﻞ ﰲ ﺻــﻮر ﻣــﺎ ﻗﺒــﻞ اﻻﻧﻔﺠــﺎر . اﻵن وﻗ ــﺪ ﺣ ــﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴ ـﻮن اﻟﺤــﻆ ﺑﻤ ـﺎ ﻳﻜﻔ ـﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓـﻖ اﻟﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﻳﻤﻜــﻨﻬﻢ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﺟــﻮع ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟــﺬي اﻧﻔﺠــﺮ ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻏ ا ﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﺸـﺎﻫﺪة ﺗﺪاﻋﻴﺎت ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻲ . ﻛـﻨﺠﻢ ﻫﺎﺋ ــﻞ ﺑﺤـــﺪ ذاﺗ ــﻪ رﻓﻴـــﻖ ((SN)2013ge) ﻣﻘ ــﺪر أﻳﻀًـــﺎ أن ﻳﺨﻀــﻊ ﺴــﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈــﻢ، ﻣــﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ اﻵن أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻣﺮاﻓﻘـﻪ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﺴﻤًﺎ ﻋﺎﱄ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ رﺑﻤـﺎ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻲ أو ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺴﻠﻚ ذﻟﻚ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳـﻖ ـــ ـــــــــــــــ ﺳﻴﺤﺪد ﻗﺮب اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻌًـﺎ . إذا ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﺟﺪًا ، ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻮل ﺑﻤﻔﺮده ﻋﱪ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ ، وﻫـﻮ ﻣﺼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻔﴪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ . وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ، إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟ ﻨﺠﻮم ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻗﺒﻞ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ، ﻓﺴﺘﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ اﻟﺪوران ﺣﻮل ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟـﺒﻌﺾ ﻋـﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺛﻘﻮب ﺳﻮداء أو ﻧﺠﻮم ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻴـﺔ . ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪان ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻳﻨـﺪﻣﺠﺎن ، ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺨﻠـﻖ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ . ﻫــﺬا اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﺜ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ، ﻷن ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﻓـﺮع ﻣـﻦ ﻓـﺮوع اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑـﺪأ اﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘـﻮ . إﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﻮﺟــﺎت أو ﺗﻤﻮﺟـﺎت ﰲ ﻧﺴـﻴﺞ اﻟﺰﻣﻜ ـﺎن ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ، ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﻟﱪت أﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎس اﻟﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑـﺎﻟﻠﻴﺰر ﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻐﻮ ) .( ﻗﺎل ﻓﻮﻛﺲ " : ﻣـﻊ رﻓﻴـﻖ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ((SN)2013ge) اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ، ﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻧﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪث ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ، ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤــﺪث ﺳــﻴﻈﻞ ﺣــﻮاﱄ ﻣﻠﻴــﺎر ﺳــﻨﺔ ﰲ ا ﺴــﺘﻘﺒﻞ ." ﺳــﻴﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﻓــﻮﻛﺲ وﻣﻌ ـﺎوﻧﻮ ه ﻣــﻦ ﺧ ـﻼل ﺗﻠﺴ ـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑــﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺒﻨـﺎء ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ أﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ا ﺼــﺎﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴــﺔ ﻋ ـﲆ ﻗﻴ ـﺪ اﻟﺤﻴ ـﺎة إﱃ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮات ﻋﻈﻤـﻰ أﺧـﺮى ، ﻣﻤ ـﺎ ﻳﻤ ـﻨﺢ ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈــﻢ ((SN)2013ge) ﺑﻌــﺾ ـــــــــ اﻟﴩ ﻛﺎتا ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى " . ﻫﻨﺎك إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻛﺒ ة ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻣﺠﺮد ﻓﻬﻢ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻷﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧﻌـﺮف اﻵن أن ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﰲ أزواج ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻓﺈن أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺮاﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔﴐورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﰲ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ وراء اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ وﺗﺒـﺎدل ا ـﻮاد واﻟﺘﻄـﻮر ا ﺸﱰك . ﻗﺎل ﻓﻮﻛﺲ :" إﻧﻪ وﻗﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم " . إن ﻓﻬﻢ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺠ ﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ أﻣﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻷن ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻮاﺗﻬـﺎ وﺗﻘـﺬف ﺧـﻼل ﺣﺪوث اﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ . إن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰءًا ﻛﺒ ًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜـﻮن ا ﺮﺋـﻲ ﺑﻤــﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬــﺎ " أﺿﺎف ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك أﻟـﻴﻜﺲ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺒﻴﻨﻜـﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺑ ﻛﲇ . ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮﺻــﻮر ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻤﺠـﺮة NGC 3287 ﺗﻼﺷـﻲ اﻟﻤﺴــ ﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈــﻢ ٢٠١٣ ﻣـﻊ ﻣـﺮوراﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﻣﻤــﺎ ﺣﺪدﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻧ ﻤﮫ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪراﻟﺜﺎ ﺖ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﻓﻮق اﻟ ﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ اﻟﺬ . ﺳﺒﺘﻤ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2022 [NASA, ESA, Ori Fox (STScI), Joseph DePasquale (STScI)]