Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2022 ARABIC VERSION

The cause of the hydrogen loss had been a mystery, and astronomers have been using Hubble to search for clues and test theories to explain these stripped supernovae. The new Hubble observations provide the best evidence yet to support the the- ory that an unseen companion star siphons off the gas envelope from its partner star before it explodes. “This was the moment we had been waiting for, finally seeing the evi- dence for a binary system progenitor of a fully stripped supernova,” said astronomer Ori Fox of the Space Tel- escope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, lead investigator on the Hubble research program. “The goal is to move this area of study from theory to working with data and see- ing what these systems really look like.” Fox’s team used Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 to study the region of supernova (SN) 2013ge in ultra- violet light, as well as previous Hub- ble observations in the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Tele- scopes (MAST). Astronomers saw the light of the supernova fading over time from 2016 to 2020 — but an- other nearby source of ultraviolet light at the same position main- tained its brightness. This underlying source of ultraviolet emission is what the team proposes is the surviving binary companion to SN 2013ge. Previously, scientists theorized that a massive progenitor star’s strong winds could blow away its hydrogen gas envelope, but observational evi- dence didn’t support that. To ex- plain the disconnect, astronomers ﻛﺎن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ ﻟﻐـﺰا ، وﻗـﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أدﻟﺔ واﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺎت ﻟﺘﻔﺴـ ﻫـﺬه ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ ا ﺠـﺮدة ﻣـﻦ ﻏﻼﻓﻬـﺎ اﻟﻐﺎزي . ﺗﻮﻓﺮ أرﺻﺎد ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة أﻓﻀـﻞ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﺑـﺄن ﻧﺠﻤًﺎ ﻣﺮاﻓﻘًﺎ ﻏـ ﻣﺮﺋـﻲ ﻳﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﻨﻔﺠﺮ . ﻗﺎل ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ أوري ﻓـﻮﻛﺲ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻋﻠــﻮم ﺗﻠﺴــﻜﻮب اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء ﰲ ﺑــﺎﻟﺘﻴﻤﻮر ﺑ ﻤﺎرﻳﻼﻧﺪ ا ﺤﻘﻖ اﻟـﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺑﺤـﺚ ﻫ ﺎﺑـﻞ : " ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﺘﻈﺮﻫـﺎ ورأﻳﻨﺎ أﺧ ًا اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻮد ﺳـﻠﻒ ﻧﻈـﺎم ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ُﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪه ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬﺪروﺟ ." إن ﻫﺪف ﻫـﺬا اﻟﱪﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻫﻮ ا ﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻫﺬه ـ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻘًﺎ . اﺳﺘﺨ ﺪم ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻮﻛﺲ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ) ﻛﺎﻣ ا ٣ ( ذات ا ﺠﺎل اﻟﻮاﺳـﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ((SN)2013ge) ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻀﻮء ﻓـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ أرﺻـﺎد ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑ ــﻞ اﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ أرﺷــﻴﻒ ﺑـــﺎرﺑﺮا آن ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻟﺴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻴﺔ (MAST) . رأى ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ أن ﺿـ ﻮء ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﻳﺘﻼﳽ ﺑﻤـﺮور اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﻣـﻦ ٢٠١٦ إﱃ ٢٠٢٠ ﻟﻜ ـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺪر اً ﺎً ﻗﺮﻳﺒ ـ آﺧـﺮ ﻟﻸﺷـﻌﺔ ﻓ ـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ ا ﻮﻗـﻊ ﺣـﺎﻓﻆ ﻋـﲆ ، ﻫﺬا ﺳﻄﻮﻋﻪ ا ﺼـﺪر اﻷﺳـﺎﳼ ﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛـﺎت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻴﺔ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻘﱰﺣـﻪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳــﻖ ﺄﻧ ـﻪ ﺑ اﻟﺮﻓﻴــﻖ ا ﺘﺒﻘ ـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ .((SN)2013ge) ﻟﻘﺪ اﻓـﱰض ا ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ أن اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح اﻟﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺴـﻔﲇ اﻟﻬﺎﺋــﻞ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺗﻌﺼــﻒ ﺑﻐــﻼف ﻏــﺎز ـــــــــ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻪ وﺗﺰﻳﻠـﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻟﻜﻦ أدﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاؤﻫﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴ اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﻮر ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت وﻧﻤﺎذج ﻳﻘـﻮم ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ رﻓﻴـﻖ ﺛﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟ ﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ " . ﰲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧ ة أﺧﱪﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﺪة أدﻟﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ أن ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺠﺮدﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ ﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎت، ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ رؤﻳـﺔ اﻟﺮﻓﻴـﻖ . ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺧـﻼل اﻷرﺻـﺎد اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ((SN)2013ge) ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎ ﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻤﺘ ﰲ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗ ُـﺮى ﻋــﺎدةً ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ . ﻗﺎل ﻓﻮﻛﺲ إن أﺣـﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺴـ ات ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﻄﻮع ا ﺰدوج ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﺬروة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼـﻄﺪم ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ اﻟﺼـﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﺑـﻨﺠﻢ ﻣﺼـﺎﺣﺐ وﻫـﻮ ﺗﻔﺴ ﻳﺒﺪو اﻵن أﻛﺜﺮ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺸ. أرﺻﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﺧ ة إﱃ أﻧـﻪ ﰲ ﺣ أن اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺼـﺎﺣﺐ ﻛـﺎن ﻳﺘﺼـﺎرع ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻏﺎز ا ﻟﻬﻴـﺪروﺟ اﻟﺬي ﴎﻗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﴍﻳﻜـﻪ ، إﻻ أﻧـﻪ ﻟـﻢ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻣ ه ﻳُ . ﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻮﻛﺲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﻮﻋﺎء ﺟﻴﲇ ﻳﻬﺘﺰ وﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺳـﻮف ﻳﻌﻮد ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﱃ ﺷـﻜﻠﻪ اﻷﺻـﲇ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪات إﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻬـﺬه اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺑ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﺎت ــ ﺳﺒﺘﻤ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2022 اﻗ ﺣـﮫ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺸـﺄن اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ـﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺘﻄـﻮراﻟـﺬ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺮﺳـﻢ اﻟﺒ ) SN 2013ge ( ﺗﻌـﺮض اﻟﺼــﻮر ﻣــﻦ ١ إﻟــﻰ ٣ ﻣـﺎ ﺣــﺪث ﺎﻟﻔﻌــﻞ ، وﺗﻌـﺮض اﻟﺼــﻮر ٤- ٦ ﻣــﺎ ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺤــﺪ ث ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ .١ ( زوج ـﺪورﺣـﻮل ﻌﻀـﻬﻤﺎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀـ ﻤﺔ .٢ ( ـﻢ ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘـﮫ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗـﺔ ا ﻤـﺮاء وﻳﺤﺼـﻞ ﺘﻘـﺪم ﻧ ﻤﺘﺼﮫ ﻧ ﻤﮫ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻔﻌﻞ اﻟـ اﻟﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻼف ﺧﺎرﺟﻲﻣﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬ ﺪروﺟ ـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﻘـ ح ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء ﻓــﻲ ــﺪروﺟ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ أن ﻫــﺬا ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺴــ ﺐ ﻓــﻲ أن ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﻟــﻢ ﻳﺠــﺪ أي أﺛـﺮ ﻟﻠﻬ ﺣﻄـﺎم اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈـﻢ .٣ ( ﺘﺤﻮل ﻧ ﻢ ذو اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻤﺠﺮد إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮأﻋﻈﻢ ـﺪﻣﺮﻧ ﻤـﮫ اﻷﻳـﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺣﺐ ﺘﺼﺎرع وﻟﻜﻨـﮫ ﻻ . ﻌـﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈﻢ ، ﻳ ﻘﻰ اﻟﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻒ ﻟﻠﻨ ﻢ اﻟﻀ ﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ إﻣﺎ ﻛﻨ ﻢ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻲ أو ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد .٤ ( ﻓﻲ ــﺔ اﻟﻤﻄــﺎف ﻧﻬﺎ ﺘﻄــﻮر اﻟــﻨ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓـﻖ أ ﻀًــﺎ إﻟــﻰﻋﻤــﻼق أ ﻤــﺮوﻳﺤـﺎﻓﻆﻋﻠــﻰﻏﻼﻓــﮫ اﻟــ ـ ﺨﺎرﺟﻲواﻟــﺬ ﺟـــﺎء ﻌﻀـــﮫ ﻣـــﻦ ﻧ ﻤـــﮫ .٥ ( اﻟـــﻨ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓـــﻖ ﻳﺨﻀـــﻊ أ ﻀًـــﺎ ﻟﻤﺴـــﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈـــﻢ .٦ ( ـــﺔ ﻤـــﺎ إذا ﺎﻧـــﺖ اﻟﻨﺠـــﻮم ﻗﺮ ـﺘﻢ دﻓﻌﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺪاراﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ـﺚﻻ ﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟـ ﻌﺾ ﺑﺤ ـــﺔ ﺳﺘﺴـــﺘﻤﺮﻓـــﻲ اﻟـــﺪوران ﺣـــﻮل ﻌﻀـــﻬﺎ و ﻓـــﺈن اﻟﻨـــﻮى اﻟﻤﺘ ﻘ ـــﺔ ﺗﻨـــﺪﻣﺞ ، ﻣﻤـــﺎ ﻳﺨﻠـــﻖ ﻣﻮﺟـــﺎت ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﻓﻲﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﺔ . [NASA, ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI)] ﺳ ﻨﺎر ﻮ ﺗﺠﺮ ﺪ ﻧ ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻼﻓﮫ اﻟﻐﺎزي اﻟ ـ ﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﺎﻟ ﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻩ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ