Free Astronomy Magazine September-October 2022 ARABIC VERSION

T wide view of the Milky his video starts with a Way and ends with a close-up look at a rich region of star formation in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud, in the southern constellation of Do- rado. The specific region shown, 30 Doradus, is also known as the Tarantula Neb- ula. During the video, the image shifts over different wavelengths of the Tarantula Nebula. [ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2/N. Risinger (sky- survey.org)/R. Gendler − ESO/ M. Kornmesser, ALMA (ESO/ NAOJ/NRAO)/Wong et al., ESO/ M.-R. Cioni/VISTA Magellanic Cloud survey. Ack: Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit] turbulent feedback for gravity to pull it together to form new stars. But the new data also reveal much denser filaments where gravity’s unique is that it is close enough for us to study in detail how stars are forming, and yet its properties are similar to those found in very dis- tant galaxies, when the Universe was young,” said Guido De Marchi, a scientist at the European Space Agency (ESA) and a co-author of the paper presenting the new research. “Thanks to 30 Doradus, we can parts of the cloud closest to the young massive stars would show the clearest signs of gravity being over- whelmed by feedback,” says Wong. “We found instead that gravity is l important in these feedback- osed regions — at least for parts he cloud that are sufficiently se.” he image released by ESO, we see the new ALMA data overlaid on a previous infrared image of the same region that shows bright stars and light pinkish clouds of hot gas, taken with ESO’s Very Large Tele- scope (VLT) and ESO’s Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for As- tronomy (VISTA). The composition shows the distinct, web-like shape of the Tarantula Nebula’s gas clouds that gave rise to its spidery name. The new ALMA data comprise the bright red-yellow streaks in the image: very cold and dense gas that could one day col- lapse and form stars. The new research contains detailed clues about how gravity behaves in the Tarantula Nebula’s star-forming regions, but the work is far from finished. “There is still much more to do with this fantastic data set, and we are releasing it publicly to encourage other researchers to con- duct new investigations,” Wong concludes.      ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻼء ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺤـﺪث ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰه ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻋـﺮف ﻣﻨـﺬ ﻓـﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠـﺔ أن ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ ﻳﺤـﺪث ﰲ أﻣـﺎﻛﻦ أﺧﺮى أﻳﻀًﺎ وﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ، أﺟﺮى اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ . ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ ، ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﻘﻴﺎس اﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز أول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﺳـﻤﺢ ﻟﻬـﻢ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﺎردة اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎر ﻟﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺠﻮﻣًـﺎ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻐ ﻣﻊ إﻃﻼق ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻴﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﺳـﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﺎردة اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎر ﻟﺘﻮﻟـﺪ ﻧﺠﻮﻣًـﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻐ ﻣﻊ إﻃﻼق ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﻔﺘﻴـﺔ . ﻳﻘﻮل ووﻧﻎ " : ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻧﺠـﺪ أن أﺟـﺰاء اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب إﱃ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺳـﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻼﻣـﺎت أوﺿـﺢ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻐﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﺮدة ﻓﻌﻞ ." " ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺑـﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺰال ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ا ﻌﺮﺿﺔ وا ﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻋﲆ ــ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﰲ ". ﰲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘـﻲ أﺻﺪرﻫﺎ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻧﺮى ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺮﺻﺪ أ ﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﱰاﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻮرة اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻌﺔ واﻟﻐﻴﻮم اﻟﻮردﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪاً وﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻣﺴﺢ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ا ﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ اﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟﻐـﺎز ﰲ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟــﺮﺗﻴﻼء اﻟــﺬي أدى إﱃ ﻇﻬــﻮر اﺳــﻤﻪ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒـﻮﺗﻲ . ﺗﺘـﺄﻟﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء واﻟﺼـﻔﺮاء اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺼﻮرة : ﻏﺎز ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ اﻟـﱪودة وﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻨﻬﺎر ﻳﻮﻣًﺎ ﻣـﺎ وﻳﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . وﻳﺨﻠﺺ ووﻧـﻎ إﱃ أﻧـﻪ " ﻻ ﻳـﺰال ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜـ ﻟﻠﻘﻴـﺎم ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ـﺎت اﻟﺮاﺋﻌ ـﺔ ا ﺘ ـﻮﻓﺮة اﻵن وﻧﺤـﻦ ﻧﺼـﺪرﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻨ ًـﺎ وذﻟ ـﻚ ﺑﻬ ـﺪف ﺗﺸـﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ اﻵﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﻋـﲆ إﺟـﺮاء دراﺳـﺎت ". ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟـﺮﺗﻴﻼء ﰲ ﺳـﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣـﺎﺟﻼن اﻟﻜﱪى وﻫـﻲ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺗﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﺠﺮﺗﻨـﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ وﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ وﻧﺸﺎﻃًﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻮارﻧﺎ ا ﺠـﺮي وﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﺑُﻌـﺪ ﺣـ ﻮاﱄ ١٧٠.٠٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض ، ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ أﺿﺨﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ وﻋـﺪد ﻗﻠﻴـﻞ ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ١٥٠ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺷﻤﺴـﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻟ ﻴﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﻐﻴﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﺠﻮم ﺟﺪﻳﺪة . إن ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ٣٠ دورادوس ﻓﺮﻳﺪة واﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﺔ إﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺟﺪًا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻛﺎن ﻳﺎﻓﻌﺎً ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺟﻴﺪو دي ﻣـﺎرﳾ اﻟ ﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﰲ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴـﺔ وا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘـﺪم اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ـﺪ ، " ﺑﻔﻀ ـﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ـﺔ ٣٠ دورادوس ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ دراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ١٠ ﺑﻼﻳ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ وﻟـﺪت ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ". ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ رﻛـﺰت ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺎت ـــــــ ــــــ ٢٤ ﺳﺒﺘﻤ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2022 ﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠ ﮫ اﻟـﺮ ﻼء ﻷن ﻌـﺾ ﻨ ﺘـﮫ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ــــــــﺎر ﺨﻴـــــــﻮط ﻣﺘﻮﻫﺠــــــــﺔ ﻣــــــــﻦ اﻟﻐــــــــﺎزواﻟﻐ واﻟﻨﺠـــﻮم ﺗـــﺬﻛﺮ ﺄرﺟـــﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒـــﻮت و ﺸـــ ﮫ ـــــﻮﻳﻦ ﻏـــــﺎز ا ﺗ ـــــﻮن ﻓــــــﻲ ـــــﺐ اﻟ ﻟﺴـــــﺪ ﻢ ﺗﺮﻛ وﻗــــــﺖ ﻣ ﻜــــــﺮ ﻣـــــــﻦ ﺗﺎر ﺨــــــﮫ إذ ــــــﺎن ﺘـــــــﺄﻟﻒ واﻟﻬ ﻠﻴـــــــﻮم ــــــﺪروﺟ ﻣﻌﻈﻤــــــﮫ ﻣــــــﻦ اﻟﻬ ﻓﻘـﻂ ــﺪﻳﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺴــﻤﺎء، ﻗــﺪ اﻧــﮫ ﻣﺸــﻬﺪ ــــﻒﺳــــﻴ ﻮنﺷــــ ﻞ اﻟﻠﻴــــﻞ ﻋﻠــــﻰ ﻧﺘﺴـــﺎءل ﻛ ـﺪورﺣـﻮل أﺣــﺪ ﻧﺠﻮﻣـﮫ ﻣــﻊ ﺳـﺤﺐ ﻮﻛـﺐ ــﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻧــﺔ وﺧﻴــﻮط ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻐــﺎزﺗﺘﻘــﺎﻃﻊ زاﻫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ." [ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2/N. Risinger (skysurvey. org)/R. Gendler − ESO/ M. Kornmesser, ALMA (ESO/ NAOJ/NRAO)/Wong et al., ESO/ M.-R. Cioni/VISTA Magellanic Cloud survey. Ack: Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit]