Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2024 ARABIC VERSION

1 st CME traveled so fast. Researchers believe a smaller CME erupted from the Sun in late August and cleared the path between the Sun and the Earth of most of the solar wind plasma that would normally slow a CME. When the September 1st event observed by Carrington and Hodg- son began, conditions were there- fore perfect for the massive storm to pass through the inner solar system and crash into Earth’s magnetos- phere in just a matter of hours. A similar sequence, fortunately on a smaller scale, occurred just last May following a series of solar flares in the active solar region 3664. Leaving aside the purely spectacular aspect of the auroras, we want to focus here on the consequences that the massive geomagnetic distur- bance had on the technologies of 1859. The main victims were the tele- graph lines, an invention patented fifteen years earlier, that were be- coming increasingly widespread in the “civilized world.” There are his- torical testimonials in Europe, North America, and Australia that tell of sparks coming from the wires that carried the signals−sparks that, in some cases, caused small fires. Other testimonials refer to electric shocks إﻛﻠﻴﻠﻴ ﺎً أﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً اﻧﻔﺠﺮ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﰲ أواﺧﺮ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ وﻣﻬّﺪ ا ﺴﺎر ﺑـ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ واﻷرض ﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻋﺎدةً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆدي إﱃ إﺑﻄـﺎء اﻻﻧﺒﻌـﺎث اﻹﻛﻠـﻴﲇ اﻟﻜـﺘﲇ . ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺑـﺪأ اﻟﺤـﺪث اﻟـﺬي رﺻـﺪه ﺘﻮن و ﻐ ﻛــﺎرﻳﻨ ﻫﻮدﺟﺴــﻮن ﰲ اﻷول ﻣــﻦ ﺳــﺒﺘﻤﱪ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ اﻟﻈ ـﺮوف ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴــﺔ ــﺮور اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻋـﱪ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻟﺸﻤـ ﴘ ـ اﻟـﺪاﺧﲇ وﺗﺼـﻄﺪم ﺑـﺎﻟﻐﻼف ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃـ ﻴﴘ ـ ﻟﻸرض ﰲ ﻏ ﻀـﻮن ﺳـﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻘـﻂ وﺣـﺪث ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﺤﺴـ ﻦ اﻟﺤـﻆ ﻋـﲆ ﻧﻄـﺎق أﺻﻐﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ا ﺎﴈ ﰲ أﻋﻘﺎب ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻫﺠــﺎت اﻟﺸﻤﺴــﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔـﺔ اﻟﺒﻘﻌـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ 3664 . إذا ﺗﺮﻛﻨـﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻧـﺐ ا ـﺬﻫﻞ اﻟﺒﺤـﺖ ﻟﻠﺸـﻔﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎً ﻧﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ اﻻﺿـﻄﺮاب اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻣﻐـ ـ ﻨﺎﻃﻴﴘ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎت ﻋـﺎم 1869 . ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻠﻐﺮاف وﻫـﻮ اﺧﱰاع ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺑﺮاءة اﺧﱰاع ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﻤﺴـﺔ ﻋﴩ ﻋﺎﻣﺎً واﻟﺬي أﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﺎﺋﻌ و ﺎً ﻳﻨﺘﴩ ﻋـﲆ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﰲ " اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ا ﺘﺤﴬ ." ﻫﻨﺎك ﺷﻬﺎدات ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﰲ أوروﺑـﺎ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜـﺎ اﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وأﺳـﱰاﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﻜـﻲ ﻋـﻦ ﴍارات ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ اﻹﺷـﺎر ات وﻫﻲ ﴍارات ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﺤـﺎﻻت ﰲ ﺣﺮاﺋﻖ ﺻﻐ ة . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 4 اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟـﺠﻴﻮ ﻣﻐﻨﻄ ﺴﻲﻓﻲ اﻟﻔ ة ـــــﺎر ﻨﻐﺘﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﻛـــــﺰة ﺣـــــﻮل ﺣـــــﺪث اﻟﻤﺴـــــﺠﻞ ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﻏــﺮ ﻨﺘﺶ اﻟﻤﻠﻜــﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﻟﻨــﺪن وذﻟــﻚ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﻔــ ة ﻣــﻦ 27 أﻏﺴــﻄﺲ إ ﻟــﻰ 7 ﺳــ ﺘﻤ 1859 واﻻﻧﺤــــﺮاف أ و اﺗﺠـــــﺎﻩ اﻟﺒﻮﺻــــﻠﺔ )D ( ﻫـــــﻮ ـﺔ ـﻞ ﺻـﻮرة واﻟﻘـﻮة اﻷﻓﻘ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻲﻓـﻲ )H ( ﻫـــﻲ اﻷﺛــــﺮا ﻟﻌﻠــــﻮي . ــــﺖ اﻟﺴــــﺎﻋﺎت ﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗ اﻟﻌـــــــــــــﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺎﻹﺿـــــــــــــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟـــــــــــــﻰ 12 و ﺳـــــــــــــﺎﻋﺔ D اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳــ ﺔ ) ﺴـﺒﻖ H( ﺑﺤــﻮاﻟﻲ 12 ﺳــﺎﻋﺔ ـﺎن و وﺻــــــــــﻞ ﻓــــــــــﻲ اﻻﻧ ﻌــــــــــﺎث اﻹ ﻠ ﻠــــــــــﻲ اﻟــــــــــﺬ 28 أﻏﺴــــــــﻄﺲﻫــــــــ اﺟﺘــــــــﺎح اﻟﻔﻀــــــــﺎ ﻮ اﻟــــــــﺬ ء ﺑــــــــ اﻟ ﻮاﻛـــﺐ ﻣﻤـــﺎ ﺳـــﻤﺢ ﻟﻼ ﻧ ﻌـــﺎث اﻟﻜﺘﻠـــﻲ اﻷﻛــــ ﺬاﻟــ ﻓــﻲ وﺻــﻞ 2 ﺳــ ﺘﻤ ﺎ وﻗــﺎم ﻻﺻــﻄﺪام ﻌﻨــــﻒﺷــــﺪ ﺪ ــــ ﺎﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴــــﻲ ﻟــــﻸرض ] British Geological Survey [ 9