Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2024 ARABIC VERSION

reaches the Earth for the fastest flows. The only certainty we have is that geomagnetic storms increase with solar activity and characterize all solar cycles. A study published at the beginning of 2020 in Geophysi- cal Research Letters reports that in the last 150 years there have been 42 “severe” category geomagnetic storms (like the one in 2022) and six “super” category geomagnetic storms (like that of last May and those of 2003 and 1989, which pro- duced heavy blackouts). If these categories were the only possible ones, we would have noth- ing to worry about beyond tempo- rary inconveniences that are easy to resolve. Unfortunately, this is not case. A well-documented histor- ical episode reminds us that much more dramatic geomagnetic storms can occur. This episode is known as the “Carrington Event.” Richard Christopher Carrington was a 19 th century English amateur as- tronomer, particularly dedicated to the observation of sunspots. In the late morning of September 1 st , 1859, from his observatory in Redhill, just south of London, he was drawing a large group of sunspots when two small, extremely bright, bean- shaped areas appeared within that photospheric structure. Within five minutes, those very bright spots faded and disappeared, after appar- - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 4 ﺠﻠﺔ ﻣ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 7 إن ﻫـــﺬا اﻟـــﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﻤـــﺪﻣﺮ ﻟﺴـــﻔ ﻨﺔ ﺷـــﺤﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻌـــﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟـــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـــﺎء ـﺔ إﻟــﻰ اﻟﻐــﻼف اﻟــ اﻷوروﺑ ـ ﺠﻮي ﻟـﻸرض ﻳﻮﺿــﺢ ﺸـ ﻞ ــﮫ ﻻ ﻟـ ﺲﻓ ــــﺪ ﻣــــﻦ اﻷﻗﻤــــﺎراﻟﺼــــﻨﺎﻋ ﺔ ذات اﻟﻤــــﺪار ﻣــــﺎ ﻤﻜــــﻦ أن ﻳﺤــــﺪث ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ا ــﺎر ﻨ ﻟﻤـﻨﺨﻔﺾ إذا وﻗـﻊ ﺣــﺪث ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﻐ ﺣـﺪث أﻛــ ﺘﻮن أو ﺣـ ﻴﻮم اﻟ ﺎً ﻋﻨﻔ .] ESA/NASA [ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻟﺸــﺮﻛﺔ ﺳـﺒﻴﺲ إﻛﺲ . ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺤـﺪث ﺗﺼـﻞ إﱃ اﻷرض ﻛﺄ ﴎع اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﴚء اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ا ﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﻌﻮاﺻـﻒ اﻟﺠﻴﻮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺰاﻳـﺪ ﻣ ـﻊ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺸﻤﴘ وﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺪورات اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ . ﺗﺸ دراﺳﺔ ﻧُﴩت ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻋـﺎم 2020 ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠــﺔ Geophysical Research Letters إﱃ أﻧﻪ ﺧﻼل اﻟـ 150 ﺎً ﻋﺎﻣ ا ﺎﺿـﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك 42 ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻓﺌـﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻـﻒ اﻟﺠﻴﻮ ﺎﻣﻐﻨ ﻣﺜﻞ " ) ﺷﺪﻳﺪة " ﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺎم 2022 ( وﺳﺖ ﻋﻮاﺻـﻒ ﻣﻐﻨ ﺎ ﻃﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ " ) ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ " ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺎﺻـﻔﺔ 2022 .( ﰲ /ﻣﺎﻳﻮ أﻳﺎر ا ﺎﴈوﻓﱰﺗﻲ 2003 و 1989 ﺘﻲاﻟ ﺗﺴــﺒﺒﺖ ﰲ اﻧﻘﻄ ﺎﻋــﺎت ﺷــﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ اﻟﺘﻴــﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ( وﻟـﻮ ﻛﺎﻧـ ﺖ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻔﺌـﺎت ﻫـﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ا ﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ ﺑﺨﻼف اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت ا ﺆﻗﺘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ . ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺣﺎدﺛﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﺪ اً ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣــﺪوث ﻋﻮاﺻــﻒ ﺎﻣﻐﻨ ﺟﻴﻮ ﻃﻴﺴــﻴﺔ أﻛﺜــﺮ دراﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗُ . ﻌﺮف ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﺣﺪث " ﺑﺎﺳﻢ . " ﺘﻮنﻐ ﻛ ـﺎرﻳﻨ ﻛــﺎن رﻳﺘﺸ ـﺎرد ﻛﺮﻳﺴــﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻐ ﻛﺎرﻳﻨ ﺘﻮن ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠﻚ إ ﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي ﻫﺎوٍ ﰲ اﻟﻘـﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸ ﺮـ وﻛﺎن ﻣﻜﺮﺳـﺎً ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ وﻗﺘـﻪ ﺮﺻﻟ ﺪ اﻟﺒﻘﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ وﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻛـﺎن ﻳﺮﺳـﻢ ــــ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﺻـﺒﺎح اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﺳـﺒﺘﻤﱪ ﻋـﺎم 1859 ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪه ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪة رﻳـﺪﻫﻴﻞ ﺟﻨـﻮب ﻟﻨـﺪن وﻓﺠـﺄة ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ ﻮرﻇﻬ ﻣﺒﺎﴍة ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘ ﺻﻐ ﺗ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺗ ﻲ ا ﻟﺴﻄﻮع ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﻔـﻮل داﺧـﻞ ﻫـﺬ ه اﻟﺒﻘﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ وﰲ ﻏﻀـﻮن ﺧﻤـﺲ دﻗـﺎﺋﻖ ﺗﻼﺷﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ا ﻀﻴ ﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ واﺧﺘﻔـﺖ ــــ ﺗــﺄﺛ ات راﺋﻌــﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺻـــﻔﺔ اﻟــــ ﺠﻴﻮﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴ ﺔ ﺣــــﺪﺛﺖ ﻓــــﻲﺷــــﻬﺮ ﻣــــﺎﻳﻮ اﻟــــ اﻟﻤﺎﺿــــﻲ واﻟــــ ﺻـــــﻮرﻫﺎ إ ﻔـــــﺎن ﺑﻮ ﺴـــــﻮن ﻋﻠـــــﻰﺳـــــﺎﺣﻞ أﻳﺮﻟﻨـــــﺪا اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟ ﺔ . ] Ev n Boyce [