Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2024 ARABIC VERSION

A lar black hole in our galaxy, thanks to the wob- stronomers have found the most massive stel- bling motion it induces on a companion star. This wobbling was measured over several years with the European Space Agency’s Gaia mission. Additional data from other telescopes, including ESO’s Very Large Telescope in Chile, confirmed that the mass of this black hole, dubbed Gaia BH3, is 33 times that of our Sun. The chemical composition of the compan- ion star suggests that the black hole was formed after the collapse of a massive star with very few heavy elements, or metals, as predicted by theory. This video summarises the discovery. [ESO] T panion star, which, together with Gaia data, allowed astronomers to precisely measure the mass of BH3. Astronomers have found similarly massive black holes outside our galaxy (using a different detection method), and have theorised that they may form from the collapse of stars with very few elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their chemical composition. These so- called metal-poor stars are thought to lose less mass over their lifetimes and hence have more material left over to produce high-mass black holes after their death. But evidence directly linking metal-po high-mass black holes has ing until no pairs tend to lar compositi ing that BH3’ ion holds clues about th collapsed to exceptional b UVES data sh the compani very metal-po dicating that the star that collapsed to form BH3 was also metal- poor — just as pre- dicted. The research study, led by Panuzzo, is published in Astron- omy & Astrophysics . “We took the exceptional step of publishing this paper based on prelimi- nary data ahead of the forthcoming Gaia re- his artist’s impression compares side-by-side three stellar black holes in our galaxy: Gaia BH1, Cygnus X-1 and Gaia BH3, whose masses are 10, 21 and 33 times that of the Sun respectively. Gaia BH3 is l let other astronomers start studying this black hole right now, without waiting for the full data release, planned for late 2025 at the earliest. Further observations of this system could reveal more about its history and about the black hole itself. The GRAVITY instrument on ESO’s VLT Interferometer, for example, could help astronomers find out whether this black hole is pulling in matter from its surroundings and better un- derstand this exciting object.    رﺳـــــــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠـــــــﻲ ﺛﻼﺛـــــــﺔ ﺛﻘــــــــﻮب ﻘــــــــﺎرن ﺑـــــــ ـــــــﺔ ﻓـــــــﻲﻣﺠﺮ ﻨـــــــﺎ ﺳـــــــﻮداء ﻧ ﻤ : Gaia-BH1 و CygnusX-1 ، و Gaia-BH3 ﺗ ﻠــﻎ واﻟــ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬــــــﺎ 10 و 21 و 33 ﻣــــــﺮة ﻛﺘﻠــــــﺔ اﻟﺸــــــﻤﺲ ﻋﻠـــــــﻰ اﻟﺘـــــــﻮاﻟﻲ . ﻌـــــــﺪ Gaia-BH3 أﺿــــــــ ﻢ ﺛﻘــــﺐ أﺳــــﻮد ــــﮫ ﺣــــ ﻧ ﻤــــﻲ ﺗــــﻢ اﻟﻌﺜــــﻮرﻋﻠ اﻵن ﻓــــــــــﻲدر اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧــــــــــﺔ . ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳــــــــــﺐ أﻧﺼــــــــــﺎف أﻗﻄــﺎراﻟﺜﻘــ ﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ﺸــ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎﺷـﺮﻣــﻊ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬـــــــﺎ ـــــــﺘﻢ ﺗﺼـــــــﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﻜـــــــﻦ ﻻﺣـــــــﻆ أﻧـــــــﮫ ﻟـــــــﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺸ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎﺷﺮ . ] ESO/M. Kornmesser [ اﻛﺘﺸـــﻒ ﻋﻠﻤـــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚ أﺿـــ ﻢ ﺛﻘـــﺐ أﺳـــﻮد ﻧ ﻤـــﻲﻓـــﻲﻣﺠﺮﻨــــﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﻔﻀﻞ اﻟ ـ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧ ﻢ ﻣﺮاﻓـﻖ ﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺬ ﺬ ﺔ اﻟ ﺗـﻢ . ﻋـــﺪة ﺳـــﻨﻮات ﻣـــﻦ ﺧـــﻼل ﻣﻬﻤـــﺔ ـــﺬب ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﻣـــﺪ ـــﺎسﻫـــﺬا اﻟﺘﺬ ﻗ ـﺎ ﺟﺎ ــﺔ اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌــﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء اﻷوروﺑ وأﻛــﺪت ﺑ ﺎ ﻧـﺎت إﺿـﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣــﻦ ا ﻟﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮ ﺎت اﻷﺧـــﺮى ﻤـــﺎ ﻓـــﻲذﻟـــﻚ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـــ ﺟـــﺪ اً اﻟﺘـــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻــــﺪ اﻷوروﺑــــﻲ اﻟــــ ـ ﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲﻓــــﻲ ﺗﺸــــ ﻠﻲ، إ ن ﻛﺘﻠــــﺔ ﻫــــﺬا اﻟﺜﻘــــﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻟﻤﺴـﻤﻰ Gaia-BH3 ﺗ ﻠـﻎ 33 ﻣــﺮة ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺷﻤﺴـﻨﺎ و ﺸــ ــــﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠــــﻨ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓــــﻖ إﻟــــﻰ أن اﻟﺜﻘــــﺐ اﻷﺳــــﻮد ﻗــــﺪ ــــﺐ اﻟﻜ ﻤ اﻟ ﻛ ــــﻢﺿـــ ﻢ ﻳﺤﺘــــﻮيﻋﻠـــﻰ ـــﺎرﻧ ﺗﺸـــ ﻞ ﻌــــﺪ اﻧﻬ ﻋــــﺪد ﻗﻠ ﻴـــﻞ ﺟــــﺪاً ﻣــــﻦ ــــﺄت اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ــــﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـــﺮ اﻟﺜﻘ ﻠــــﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻌــــﺎدن ﻤــــﺎ ﺗﻨ ــــﺪﻳﻮ وﻫــــﺬا اﻟﻔ ﻠﺨﺺ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ] . ESO [ ﻛﺸ ـﻔﺖ ﻫــﺬه اﻷرﺻــﺎد ﻋــﻦ اﻟﺨﺼــﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓـﻖ واﻟﺘـﻲ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﺎﻳﺎ ﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺑﻘﻴـﺎس ﻛﺘﻠﺔ BH3 ﻟﻘﺪ . ﺔ ﺑﺪﻗ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺎً ﺛﻘﻮﺑ ﺳﻮداء ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺧ ـ ﺎرج ﻣﺠ ﺮﺗﻨﺎ ـ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ واﻓﱰﺿﻮا أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨـﺎﴏ اﻷﺛﻘـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟ واﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻮم ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ . ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـﺎﻟﻔﻘ ة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘ ة ا ﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻛ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ، وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟـﺪﻳﻬﺎ ا ﺰ ﺎ ﻌﺎدن ﺗﻔﻘ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ أﻗﻞ ﺧﻼل وﺑ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟـﺪﻳﻬﺎ ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣــﻦ ا ـﻮاد ا ﺘﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﻹﻧﺘـﺎج ﺛﻘﻮ ب ﺳﻮداء ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷدﻟـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺸــﻜﻞ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍ ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺠ ـﻮم اﻟﻔﻘ ـ ة ﺑﺎ ﻌــﺎدن واﻟﺜﻘــﻮب اﻟﺴــﻮداء ﻋﺎﻟﻴــﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗـﺰال ﻏـ ﻣﺘـﻮﻓﺮة . ﺣﺘــﻰ اﻵن ﺗﻤﻴــﻞ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴــﺔ إﱃ أن ﺗﻜــﻮن ﻟﻬــﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳ ﻌﻨﻲ أن رﻓﻴﻖ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد BH3 ﻳﺤﻤﻞ أدﻟﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي اﻧﻬﺎر ﻟﻴﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ . أﻇﻬــﺮت ﺑﻴﺎﻧــﺎت ﻣﻄﻴــﺎف اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﻓ ـﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴــﺠﻴﺔ وا ﺮﺋﻴـﺔ ) UVES ( أن اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓــﻖ ﻛــﺎن ﻓﻘــ اً اً ﺟــﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻌــﺎدن ﻣﻤ ـﺎ ﻳﺸــ إﱃ أن اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟـﺬي اﻧﻬـﺎر ﻟﻴﺸـﻜﻞ ــــــ ﻛــﺎن أﻳﻀًــﺎ ﻓﻘــً ا ﺑﺎ ﻌﺎدن - ﺗﻤﺎﻣًـﺎ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻛـﺎن اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻻﺳﻮد BH3 ﺎً ﻛﺎن أﻳﻀ اً ﻓﻘ ﺑﺎ ﻌﺎدن ﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗـﻊ . ـﻧُـ اﺳـﺔ ﴩت اﻟﺪر اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ﺑﺎﻧﻮزو ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎ ء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ . ﺗﻘـﻮل إﻟﻴﺰاﺑﻴﺘـﺎ ﻛﺎﻓـﺎو ا ﺆﻟﻔ ـﺔ ا ﺸـﺎرﻛﺔ " : ﻟﻘ ـﺪ اﺗﺨ ـﺬﻧﺎ ﺧﻄ ـﻮة اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻨـ ـ ﴩ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻮرﻗـﺔ ﺑﻨـﺎءً ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺒـﻞ إﺻـﺪار ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻏﺎﻳـﺎ ا ﺮﺗﻘﺒ ﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸـﺎف إن إﺗﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺒﻜـﺮ اً ﺳﻴﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻓﻠﻚ آﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒـﺪء ﰲ دراﺳـﺔ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻵن دون اﻧﺘﻈـﺎر إﺻـﺪار اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ أواﺧﺮ ﻋﺎم 2025 وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎت ﻋـﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨـﻪ وﻋـﻦ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﺴﺤﺐ ا ﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻪ وﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ا ﺜ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 4