Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2024 ARABIC VERSION

A stronomers have identified the most massive stellar black hole yet discovered in the Milky Way galaxy. This black hole was spotted in data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia mis- sion because it imposes an odd ‘wobbling’ motion on the compan- ion star orbiting it. Data from the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT) and other ground-based observato- ries were used to verify the mass of the black hole, putting it at an im- pressive 33 times that of the Sun. Stellar black holes are formed from the collapse of massive stars and the ones previously identified in the Milky Way are on average about 10 times as massive as the Sun. Even the next most massive stellar black hole known in our galaxy, CygnusX- 1, only reaches 21 solar masses, making this new 33-solar-mass ob- servation exceptional. Remarkably, this black hole is also extremely close to us — at a mere 2000 light-years away in the con- stellation Aquila, it is the second- closest known black hole to Earth. Dubbed Gaia BH3 or BH3 for short, it was found while the team were reviewing Gaia observations in preparation for an upcoming data release. “No one was expecting to find a high-mass black hole lurk- ing nearby, undetected so far,” says Gaia collaboration member Pasqua- le Panuzzo, an astronomer from the National Centre for Scientific Re- search (CNRS) at the Observatoire de Paris - PSL, France. “This is the kind of discovery you make once in your research life.” To confirm their discovery, the Gaia collaboration used data from ground-based observatories, includ- ing from the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) instru- ment on ESO’s VLT, located in Chile’s Atacama Desert. These observations revealed key properties of the com- JULY-AUGUST 2024 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 47 ﺣـﺪد ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ أﺿﺨﻢ ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﺗــ ﻢ اﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﻪ ﺣﺘــﻰ اﻵن ﰲ ﻣﺠــﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ . رُﺻﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺎﻳﺎ ﻏ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﺮض ﺣﺮﻛﺔ " " ﻣﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻪ . اﺳـﺘُﺨﺪ ﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟـﺪ اً اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ وﻏـ ه ﻣـﻦ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ أﻛﱪ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار 33 ﻣﺮة ﻣـﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ وﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ﺎً ﰲ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﰲ ا ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻮاﱄ 10 أﺿﻌﺎف ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ا ﻟﺘـﺎﱄ اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ا ﻌﺮوف ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨـﺎ Cygnus X-1 ﺗﺼﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ إﱃ 21 ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺒﻠـﻎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ 33 ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴ .ﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﻓﺖ ﻟﻠ ﻨﻈـﺮ أن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪ اً ﺎً ﻣﻨﺎ أﻳﻀـ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﺒﻌـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ 2000 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟ ﻌﻘﺎب وﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻗـﺮب ﺛﻘـﺐ أ ﺳـﻮد ﻣﻌـﺮوف إﱃ اﻷرض . أُﻃﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ اﺳـﻢ Gaia BH3 أو BH3 ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ أﺛﻨـﺎء ﻗﻴﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ أرﺻﺎد ﻏﺎﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد اً ﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺎدﻣ . ﺔ ﻳﻘـﻮل ﺑﺎﺳـﻜﻮال ﺑﺎﻧﻮزو ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻌﺎون ﻣﺸـﺮوع ﻏﺎﻳﺎ وﻋـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ا ﺮﻛﺰ اﻟـﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـﺚ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻤـﻲ ) CNRS ( ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﰲ ﻫـﺬا ": ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف اﻟـﺬي ﺗﻘـﻮم ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺮة واﺣﺪة ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ". وﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﻢ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻌـﺎون ﺎﻳـﺎ ﻏ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ أداة ﻣﻄﻴﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻴﺔ وا ﺮﺋﻴـﺔ ) UVES ( ا ﺑﺎﻟ ﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟـﺪاً اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠ ﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﰲ ﺻﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 4