Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2024 ARABIC VERSION

erico II, Italy, said, “With a sample of two black holes — with very differ- ent masses and very different host galaxies — it’s important to deter- mine what they agree and disagree on. Since both are pointing us to- ward strong magnetic fields, it sug- gests that this may be a universal and perhaps fundamental feature of these kinds of systems. One of the similarities between these two black holes might be a jet, but while we’ve imaged a very obvious one in M87*, we’ve yet to find one in Sgr A*.” To observe Sgr A*, the collaboration linked eight telescopes around the world to create a virtual Earth-sized telescope, the EHT. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Ar- ray (ALMA), in which ESO is a part- ner, and the ESO-hosted Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), both in northern Chile, were part of the network that made the observa- tions, conducted in 2017. “As the largest and most powerful of the telescopes in the EHT, ALMA played a key role in making this image possible,” says ESO’s María Díaz Trigo, European ALMA Pro- gramme Scientist. “ALMA is now planning an ‘extreme makeover’, the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade, which will make ALMA even more sensitive and keep it a fundamental player in future EHT observations of Sgr A* and other black holes.” The EHT has conducted several ob- servations since 2017 and is sched- uled to observe Sgr A* again in April 2024. Each year, the images improve as the EHT incorporates new tele- scopes, larger bandwidth, and new observing frequencies. Planned ex- pansions for the next decade will enable high-fidelity movies of Sgr A*, may reveal a hidden jet, and could allow astronomers to observe similar polarisation features in other black holes. Meanwhile, extending the EHT into space would provide sharper images of black holes than ever before.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 25 ﻣﻘﺎر ــﺔ اﻷﺳــﻮدﻳﻦ اﻟﻠــﺬﻳﻦ ﺗــﻢ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ـﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﺒــ ﺣ ا ﻔ ﻨــﺖ ﻫــﻮراﻳﺰون M87 * ﻓـــــﻲﻗﻠـــــﺐ ﻣﺠـــــﺮة ﻣ ﺴـــــﻴ ﮫ 87 و ﺳـــــﺎﺟ ﺘﺎر ﻮس A * ﻓـــــﻲﻣﺮﻛـــــﺰ در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧـــــﺔ . ـــــﺎس ﺗُﻈﻬـــــﺮاﻟﺼـــــﻮرة ﻣﻘ ﺟ ﺘﺎر ﻮس ﺳـــﺎ A * ـــﻞ ﻣـــﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرـــﺔ ﺑ M87 * وﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮأﺧـــﺮىﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻨﻈـــﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴـــﻲﻣﺜـــﻞ ﻣـــﺪارات ﻠﻮﺗـــﻮ وﻋﻄــﺎرد . ﺎً ُﻌــﺮض أ ﻀــ ﻗﻄــﺮ اﻟﺸــﻤﺲواﻟﻤﻮﻗـﻊ اﻟــ ـ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴــ ﺎر ــﺎﺟﺮ ﻓﻮ 1 ــﺔ ﻓﻀــﺎﺋ ﺔ وﻫــﻮ أ ﻌــﺪ ﻣﺮﻛ ﻋﻦ اﻷرض و ﻌﺪ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد M87 * اﻟﺬ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﻠـﻎ 55 ﻣﻠﻴـﻮنﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋ أ ﺔ ﺣـﺪ أﻛـ اﻟﺜﻘــﻮب اﻟ ﺴــﻮداء اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓــﺔ أن ﻛﺘﻠـــﺔ ﻓــﻲﺣــ اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد ﺳــﺎﺟ ﺘﺎر ﻮس A * اﻟــﺬ ﻳ ﻌـــﺪ 27000 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋ ﺔ ﺗ ﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 4 ﺿﻌﻒﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻼﻳ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ M87 * أﻛ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺄﻛ ﻣﻦ 1000 ﻣﺮة اً وﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷرض ﻟ ﻌﺪﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﺴ اﻷﺳﻮدﻳﻦ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟ ﻈﻬﺮ ﻼ اﻟﺜﻘﺒ ـ ﺤ ﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎرﻳﺎﻓﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﺎ دي ﻟﻮرﻧﺘﻴﺲ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﺔ ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ وعﴩ ـﻣــ ﺗﻠﺴــﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴﻨــﺖ ﻫــﻮراﻳﺰون واﻷﺳﺘﺎذة ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﱄ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﺮﻳﻜﻮ اﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺈﻳﻄ ﺎﻟﻴﺎ " : ﻣـﻊ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺛﻘﺒـ أﺳـﻮدﻳﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺘ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ وﻣﺠـﺮات ﻣﻀـﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻦ ا ﻬـﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻘـﺎن وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺑﻤـﺎ أن ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤـﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﺎﻧﻨـ ﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﺬا ﻳﺸـ إﱃ أن ﻫﺬا ﻗـﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮن ﺳـﻤﺔ ﻋﺎ ﻴـﺔ ورﺑﻤـﺎ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ . ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن أﺣـﺪ أوﺟـﻪ اﻟﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺑـ ﻫـﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺒــ اﻷﺳﻮدﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ وﺟﻮد ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺻﻮرﻧﺎ واﺣﺪ ه ﰲ اً ﺟﺪ ﺔ واﺿﺤ M87 * ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻧﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﲆ أي ﰲ ه واﺣﺪ ﺳﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A * . ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺳﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A * ا ﻗﺎم ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻹ ﻧﺸـﺎء ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻓﱰاﴈ ﺑﺤﺠـﻢ اﻷرض ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون . ﻛﺎن ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣـﺎ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ / ﺗﺤـﺖ ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ أ ـﺎ ) ( وﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺛﻔﺎﻳﻨـﺪر أﺑـﻴﻜﺲ ) ( اﻟﺘـﻲ اﺳﺘﻀــﺎﻓﻬﺎ ا ﺮﺻــﺪ اﻷوروﺑــﻲ اﻟﺠﻨــﻮﺑﻲ وﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﺟﺰءًا ﻣـ ﻦ اﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻷرﺻـﺎد اﻟﺘـﻲ أﺟﺮﻳـﺖ ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 2017 . ﺗﻘﻮل ﻣﺎرﻳﺎ دﻳﺎز ﺗﺮﻳﺠﻮ ﻋﺎ ﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أ ـﺎ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ " : ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫـﺎ أﻛـﱪ وأﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﰲ اﻳﻔﻴﻨـﺖ ﻫـﻮراﻳﺰون ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أ ﺎ اً دور ﺎً رﺋﻴﺴﻴ ﰲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ." ﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أ ـﺎ اﻵن "ﻟـ ﺗﺤﻮل ﺟـﺬري " وﻫـﻮ ﺗﺮﻗﻴـﺔ ﺣﺴﺎ ﺳـﻴﺔ اﻟﻨ ﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أ ـﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ وﻳﺒﻘﻴﻬـﺎ ﻻﻋﺒًـﺎ أﺳﺎﺳـﻴًﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت رﺻﺪ اﻳﻔﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون ا ﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﺳـﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A * واﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻷﺧﺮى أﺟـﺮى اﻳﻔﻴﻨـﺖ ﻫـﻮراﻳﺰون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت رﺻﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم 2017 ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت رﺻﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم 2017 وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ ا ﻘﺮر رﺻﺪ ﺳﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A * ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﰲ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2024 . ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎً ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺼﻮر ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸـﺘﻤﻞ اﻳﻔﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة وﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﺮددي أﻛﱪ وﺗﺮددات رﺻـﺪ ﺳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﺎت ا ﺨﻄﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘـﺎج أﻓﻼم ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻟ ﺴـﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A * وﻗـﺪ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﺛـﺎت ﻣﺨ ﻔﻴـﺔ ﺘ وﻗـﺪ ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﺮﺻﺪ ﺑ ﻣﻴﺰات اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ا ﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻷﺧــﺮى وﰲ اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﻓـﺈن ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻳﻔﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون ﻣـﻦ ﺷـﺄﻧﻪ ﻮﻓﺗ ﺻﻮر واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 4 [ESO and DSS 2. Ack.: DavideDeMar- tin and S. Guisard (www.eso.org/~sguisard )]