Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2024 ARABIC VERSION

Light is an oscillating, or moving, electromagnetic wave that allows us to see objects. Sometimes, light os- cillates in a preferred orientation, and we call it ‘polarised’. Although polarised light surrounds us, to human eyes it is indistinguishable from ‘normal’ light. In the plasma around these black holes, particles whirling around magnetic field lines impart a polarisation pattern per- pendicular to the field. This allows astronomers to see in increasingly vivid detail what’s happening in black hole regions and map their magnetic field lines. “By i larised hot glow black h directly structure of the m that thr of gas that th feeds on said Ha Hole Init and project co-lead Angelo Ricarte. “Po- larised light teaches us a lot more about the astrophysics, the properties of the gas, and mechanisms that take place as a black hole feeds.” But imaging black holes in polarised light isn’t as easy as putting on a pair of polarised sunglasses, and this is particularly true of Sgr A*, which the first image was an average of multiple images owing to Sgr A*’s movement. “We were relieved that polarised imaging was even possi- ble. Some models were far too scrambled and turbulent to con- struct a polarised image, but Nature was not so cruel.” Mariafelicia De Laurentis, EHT Deputy Project Scientist and profes- sor at the University of Naples Fed- اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻛﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ أو ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨ ﺎ ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء . ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴـﺎن ﻳﺘـﺄرﺟﺢ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﰲ اﺗﺠـﺎه ﻣﻔﻀﻞ وﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﺳﻢ " ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻄﺐ " ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺴﺘ ﻘﻄﺐ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻨـﺎ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ اﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴـﺰه ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟﻌـﺎدي " ." ﰲ اﻟﺒﻼ زﻣـﺎ ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﺗﻀﻔﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮل ﺧﻄﻮط ا ﺠﺎل ا ﻐﻨ ـ ﺎﻃﻴﴘ ﻧﻤﻄﺎً اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺑﻴﺎً ﺎً ﻋﻤﻮدﻳ ﻋﲆ ا ﺠـﺎل و ﻳﺘـﻴﺢ ذﻟـﻚ ﻟﻌﻠ ﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ رؤﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣ ﺎً ـﺎ ـا ﴩوع أﻧﺠﻴﻠ ﻮ رﻳﻜﺎرت ": ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼل ﺗﺼــﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﺴـﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻦ ا ﺘـﻮﻫﺞ ﺑــﺎﻟﻘﺮ ب ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺜﻘــﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﺴـــﺘﻨﺘﺞ و ﺑﺸـــﻜﻞ ﻣﺒــﺎﴍ ﺑﻨﻴ ــﺔ وﻗــﻮة ا ﺠــﺎﻻت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻴﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗــﺮﺑﻂ ﺗــﺪﻓﻘ ﺎت اﻟﻐــﺎز ات وا ــﺎدة اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻳﺘﻐــﺬى ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد و ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑ . ﻘﺬﻓﻬﺎ إن اﻟﻀــﻮء ا ﺴــﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﺜـ ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺎل اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳــــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴــــﺔ وﺧﺼــــﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻐــــﺎز واﻵﻟﻴﺎت ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤ ـﺪث ﻋﻨ ـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻐ ـﺬى اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ". ﺗﻈﻬــــــﺮ ًــــــﺎ إﻟــــــﻰﺟﻨــــــﺐ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺒــــــ ﻫــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــــــﻮرة ﺟﻨ اﻷﺳــــــﻮدﻳﻦ اﻟﻬــــــﺎﺋﻠ M87 * و ﺳــــــﺎﺟ ﺘﺎر ﻮس A * ﻋــــــ اﻟﻀـــــﻮء اﻟﻤﺴــــــﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤـــــﺎء أن ﻫــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺣـــــﻮش ــــــﻞ ﻣﺠـــــﺎل ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴــــــﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠـــــﺔ ﻟﻬــــــﺎ ﻫ ﺎ وﻫــــــﺬا أﻣــــــﺮ ــــــــﺔ ــــــــﺎم اﻟﺜﻘــــــــﺐ اﻷﺳــــــــﻮد ﺘﻐﺬ ــــــــﺔ ﻗ ــــــــﻢ ﻛ ﻔ ﺗ ــــــــﺔ اﻟــــــــ ــــــــﺎت اﻟﻔ ﺎﺋ ﻣﻬــــــــﻢ ﻷﻧــــــــﮫ ﺸــــــــ إﻟــــــــﻰ أن اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ــــــﻮنﺳــــــﻤﺎت وإﻃــــــﻼق ﻧﻔﺎﺛــــــﺎت ﻗــــــﺪ ﺗ ﻣﺸــــــ ﻛﺔ اﻟﺜﻘــــــﻮب اﻟﺴــــــﻮداء ﺑــــــ ﻓﺎﺋﻘــــــﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠــــــﺔ . ــــــﺎس اﻟﻤﻘ وﻳﺒــــــ ـ اﻟـــــــ ﺤ ﻢ اﻟﻈــــــــﺎﻫﺮي ﻟﻬــــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــــﻮرﻓــــــــﻲ اﻟﺴــــــــﻤﺎء ــــــــﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﺳـــــــ ﺔ ﺑﻮﺣـــــــﺪات اﻟﻤ ﻜــــــــﺮو ﺛﺎﻧ . اﻹﺻــــــــﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﻤﺘــــــــﺪ ﻋﻠـــــﻰﻃـــــﻮل ا ﻟـــــﺬراع ﻳ ﻠـــــﻎ درﺟـــــﺔ واﺣـــــﺪة ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﺴـــــﻤﺎء ـــــﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﺳـــــ ﺔ أﺻـــــﻐﺮ ﻣـــــﻦ ذﻟـــــﻚ ﺑــــــ واﻟﻤ ﻜـــــﺮو ﺛﺎﻧ 3.6 ـــــــﺎر ﻣـــــــﺮة ﻣﻠ . ـــــــﻢ ﻇـــــــﺎﻫﺮيﻣ وﻓـــــــﻲ اﻟﺴـــــــ ﺎق، ﻓـــــــﺈن ﺻـــــــﻮرﻫـــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺜﻘـــــــﻮب اﻟﺴـــــــﻮداء ﻟﻬـــــــﺎ ﺣ ـ ﻤﺎﺛـــــــﻞ ﻟـــــــ ﺤ ﻢ ﺗﺸ ﮫ اﻻﺷ ﺎل اﻟ اﻟﺪوﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ] . collaborationEHT [ ﺻـﻮرة ــﺪة ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ﺟﺪ ا ﻔ ﻨــﺖﻫــﻮراﻳﺰون ﺖ ﻛﺸـﻔ ﻋــﻦ ﻣﺠـﺎﻻت ﻣﻐﻨﺎ ـﺔ وﻣﻨﻈﻤــﺔ ﺗﺘﺼـﺎﻋﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺎﻓــﺔ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ ﻃ ﺴـ ﺔ ﻗﻮ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـــــﺔ ﺳـــــﺎﺟ ﺘﺎر ﻮس A .* ﻛﺸـــــﻔﺖ ﻫـــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــﻮرة اﻟـــــ ـ ﺠﺪ ﺪة ﻟﻠـــــﻮﺣﺶ ـــــﺎﻣﻦ ﻓـــــﻲﻗﻠـــــﺐ ﻣﺠـــــﺮة اﻟ ﺷـــــﻮﻫﺪ ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﻀـــــﻮء در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧـــــﺔ واﻟـــــﺬ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴﻲ ﺗﺸ ﮫ ﺸ ﻞﻻﻓﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓ ﻲﻣﺮﻛﺰاﻟﻤﺠﺮة M87 . ـــﻮن ـــﺔ ﻗـــﺪ ﺗ ﻣﻤـــﺎ ﺸـــ إﻟـــﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺠـــﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴـــ ﺔ اﻟﻘﻮ ﻤﻴــﻊ اﻟﺜﻘــﻮ ﻣﺸــ ﻛﺔ ﺑــ . ب اﻟﺴــﻮداء ﺸــ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﺘﺸــﺎ ﮫ أ ﻀــ ﺎً إﻟــﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﺘﻣﺨ ﻔ ﺔ ﻓﻲﺳﺎﺟ ﺘﺎر ﻮس A * ] ESO [ ﻳﺤﺪث ﰲ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ورﺳـﻢ ﺧ ﻄﻮط ا ﺠﺎل ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﴘ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬ . ﺎ ﻗﺎل زﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺎدرة ﻫﺎرﻓﺎرد ﺑﻼك ﻫﻮل وزﻣﻴـﻞ ﻟﻜـﻦ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ﰲ اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﻬﻼً ﻣﺜﻞ ارﺗـﺪاء زو ج ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ا ﺴﺘﻘﻄﺒﺔ وﻫﺬا ﻳﻨﻄﺒـﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎصﻋـﲆ ﺳـﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A* اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺘﻐ ﺑﴪ ﻋﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺎﻛﻨ ﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺼﻮر ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ أدوات ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة ﺗﻔﻮق ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ﺎً ﻻﻟﺘﻘـﺎط M87* وﻫـﻮ ﻫﺪف أﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﺒﺎﺗ .ﺎً ﻗﺎل ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﴩوع اﻳﻔﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون ﻴﻔﺮي ﺟ ﺑﺎور ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ أﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﻜﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﺒﻴـﻪ " : اً ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻷن اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﺳـﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A* ﻳﺘﺤـﺮك ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻧﺤﺎول اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺻﻮرﺗﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺑﻨـﺎء ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻏـ ا ﺴـﺘﻘﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﻀـﻴﻔ أن ﺎً اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻷوﱃ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺼﻮر ا ﺘﻌـﺪدة وذﻟ ـﻚ ﻧ ـﺎﺗﺞ ﻋ ـﻦ ﺣﺮﻛ ـﺔ اﻟﺜﻘ ـ ﺐ اﻷﺳ ـﻮد ﺳﺎﺟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﻮس A* ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ . " ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷـﻌﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻻرﺗﻴـﺎح اﻟﺘـﺎم ﻷ ن اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ا ﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻨًﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﻛـﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذ ج ﻣﺸﻮﺷـﺔ وﻣﻀـﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻟﻢ ﻧ ﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻄﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﺴﻮة . - ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 4