Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2023 ARABIC VERSION

A closely bound duo of energetic quasars by NOIRLab − Charles Blue alaxies grow and evolve by merging with other galaxies, blending their billions of stars, triggering bursts of vigorous star for- mation, and often fueling their cen- tral supermassive black holes to produce luminous quasars that out- shine the entire galaxy. Some of these mergers eventually go on to become massive elliptical galaxies that contain black holes that are many billions of times the mass of our Sun. Although astronomers have observed a veritable menagerie of merging galaxies with more than one quasar in our own cosmic neigh- borhood, more distant examples, seen when the Universe was only a quarter of its current age, are quite rare and extremely challenging to find. By harnessing a bevy of ground- and space-based observatories — in- cluding Gemini North, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, operated by NSF’s NOIRLab — a team of astronomers has discovered a closely bound pair of actively feeding supermassive black holes — quasars. This discovery is the first confirmed detection of a pair of supermassive black holes in the same galactic real estate at ‘cosmic noon’ — a period of frenetic star formation at a time when the Universe was only three billion years old. Previous observa- tions have identified similar systems ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻮازارات ﻧﺸﻂ ﻣﺮ ﻄﺎن ﺸ ﻞ وﺛﻴﻖﺟﺪاً : ﻘﻠﻢ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻟﻮ - ﻣﺨﺘ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب ـــــــــــــ ا ﺠﺮات وﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ل اﻻﻧـﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﻊ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﻷﺧﺮى وﻣﺰج ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﱃ اﻧﺪﻻع ا ﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﻘﻮي وﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻐـﺬي اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻛﻮازارات ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﻮق ﻋﲆ ا ﺠﺮة ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ وﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻄﺎف أﺻـﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻌـﺾﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ا ﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﺮات إﻫﻠﻴﻠﺠﻴﺔ ﺿـﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺘـ ﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺛﻘﻮب ﺳﻮداء ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬـﺎ ﺑﻼﻳـ ﻋـﺪة ــــ ا ﺮات ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻗﺪ رﺻـﺪوا ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ا ﺠﺮات ﻣﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮازار واﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺟﻮارﻧﺎ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻓـﺈن اﻷﻣﺜﻠـﺔ اﻟﺒ ﻌﻴـﺪة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺷﻮﻫﺪت ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟ ﻜﻮن ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز رﺑـﻊ ﻋﻤﺮه اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﻧـﺎدرة ﺟـﺪًا وﻳﺼـﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﺜـﻮر . ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺴﺨ ﻣﺠﻤﻮ ﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﻨـﻲ ـــــ ﺑ ﻧﻮرث ﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﺠﻮزاء اﻟﺪوﱄ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﺔ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ - اﻟﻜﻮازارات . ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻫﻮ أول اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻮ ﻗـﻊ ا ﺠﺮة ﰲ " اﻟﻈﻬـ ة اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ " وﻫـ ﻲ ﻓـﱰة ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺤﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ ﻛـﺎن ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ . ﻟﻘـﺪ أرﺻﺎد ﺣﺪدت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ . ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ - ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 3 ﺗﻨﻤﻮ