Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2023 ARABIC VERSION

37 Though Rubin is structurally similar to other 8-meter-class telescopes, it is considerably shorter [f/1.2], giving it a much lower center of gravity, which allows it to quickly and pre- cisely move from one area of the sky to another. Such ease of movement is essential to capture fleeting, tran- sient events, such as gamma-ray bursts and bright flashes of super- novae. One of Rubin’s primary sci- ence goals is to conduct a decade- long survey of the optical sky called the Legacy Survey of Space and Time. This unprecedented campaign, starting in 2025, will collect and process more than 20 terabytes of data each night — and up to 10 petabytes each year for 10 years — to compile detailed composite im- ages of the southern sky. The speed and nimble design of the telescope will allow it to survey the entire visi- ble southern sky every few nights and will essentially create a time- lapse movie of changes over dif- ferent timescales to learn about the risks from asteroids and many other phenomena in the changing Universe. Over the course of a decade, the LSST Camera will detect and capture im- ages of an esti- mated 30 billion stars, galaxies, star clusters, and aster- oids. “The Rubin Observatory will not just peer across the Universe and look back in time. It will also have the un- precedented capability of studying the Universe as it changes in real time, from night to night,” said Bob Blum, Director for Operations Vera C. Rubin Observatory with NSF’s NOIRLab, which along with SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, will support Rubin Observatory in its Op- erations phase. The telescope structure was fabri- cated, assembled, and tested at the UTE/Asturfeito factory in Spain. It was shipped to Chile and installation on Cerro Pachón began in late 2019. This process included the installation of drive motors and utility systems, including kilometers of cables, pip- ing, and hoses that provide electric- ity, communications, compressed air and coolants to the different parts of the telescope and camera. With themajor hardware in place, the tele- scope and site software team inte- grated the software control system that drives the telescope. Over the past several months, Ru- bin’s team of observing specialists has been testing the integrated hardware and software to study how accurately the telescope points and tracks. The Rubin Systems Engi- neering team has been heavily in- volved in these and other testing campaigns to ensure the telescope meets its technical requirements and is working as designed. Data from these testing campaigns and the Engineering and Facility Database verified that the entire sys- tem to date met the required speci- fications. The telescope structure was then declared ‘substantially complete’, which will soon allow the UTE construction company to offi- cially hand over the telescope to Rubin and over the next weeks move towards final acceptance and contract conclusion. The Rubin sum- mit team is now preparing for the next major systems integration phase: installing the Primary-Tertiary mirror cell and surrogate mirror on the telescope structure. “It's gratifying that after years of hard work by so many people, we have such a huge accomplishment to celebrate,” said Jeff Barr, Rubin Ob- servatory Telescope and Site Man- ager. After more than a decade of planning, development, and con- struction, Rubin is on track to give astronomers and the public a previ- ously unimaginable view of the dy- namic and changing Universe.     37 وﺻــــــﻞ ﻣﺮﺻــــــﺪ ﻓــــــ ا ﺳــــــﻲ إﻟــــــﻰﻣﺮﺣﻠــــــﺔ ﻫﺎﻣــــــﺔ روﺑــــــ ﻓــــــﻲ اﻟ ﻨــــــﺎء : ــــــﻞ ﻫﻴ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮبﺟــــﺎﻫﺰ ﻨﺴــــﺨﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠــــﺔ ﺎﻟــــ ـ ﻳ ﻠــــﻎ ﺤ ﻢ اﻟ ﺎﻣــــﻞ ﻣــــﻦ ﻣﺮآﺗــــﮫ اﻟــــ ﻗﻄﺮﻫـــﺎ 8.4 ﺗﻀـــﻢ ﻣـــ ـــﺎﻣ ا LSST ﺪﻗـــﺔ 3200 ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﻜﺴـــﻞ وﻣ ﻮﻧـــﺎت أﺧﺮىﻣﻬﻤﺔ . ﻫـﺬا أن ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻄﺮ ـﻖ اﻟﺼـﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺎﻋﺪة ﻌـ ﻓــــﻲ دراﺳــــﺔ أﻟﻐــــﺎزاﻟﻤــــﺎدة اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤــــﺔ ، و اﻟﺒﺤــــﺚ ﻓــــﻲ اﻟ ﻄﺒ ﻌــــﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳــــ ﺔ ــﻮن اﻟـﺪ ﻨﺎﻣ ﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤــﺔ وﺗﻮﺛﻴـﻖ اﻟ واﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎف ﺗﺤــﺪ ﺎتﻛــ ى أﺧﺮىﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟ ﻮﻧ ﺎت . [Rubin Observatory/AURA/DOE/NSF] ﺑ ﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن روﺑـﻦ ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴـﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﻣﺘﺎر إﻻ أﻧﻪ أﻗ ﴫـ ﺑﻜﺜـ [f / 1.2] ، ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ أﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟـﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺴ ـ ﺮﻋﺔ وﺑﺪﻗـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ إﱃ أﺧﺮى ﰲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء . إن ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛـﺔ ﻫـﺬه ﴐورﻳـﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﻘـﺎط اﻷﺣـﺪاث اﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮة ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻧﻔﺠﺎرات أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ واﻟﻮﻣﻀﺎت اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ . ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ أﺣـﺪ أﻫـﺪاف ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑـﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﰲ إﺟـﺮاء ﻣﺴﺢ ﺪة ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺼ ﺮﻳﺔ ـ ﻳﺴــﻤﻰ ﻣﺴــﺢ ﺗ ـﺮاث اﻟﻔﻀ ـﺎء واﻟﺰﻣ ـﺎن . ﺳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻏ ا ﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 2025 أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 20 ﺗ اﺑﺎ ﻳـﺖ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﻌﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺼـﻞ إﱃ 10 ﺑﻴﺘﺎﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم ـﺪة 10 ﺳـﻨ ﻮات ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺻﻮر ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺔ ﻣﻔﺼـﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴـﺔ . ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ اﻟـ ـ ﴪﻋﺔ واﻟﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺮﺷـﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴـﺔ ا ﺮﺋﻴـﺔ ــ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟـﺰﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﻘﻮم ﻛﺎﻣ ا LSST ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸ ـﺎف واﻟﺘﻘ ـﺎط ﺻﻮر ﺎ ﻳﻘـﺪر ﺑﻨﺤـﻮ 30 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وا ﺠـ ﺮات واﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴ ـﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒﺎ . ت ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﺘـ ـ ﴫ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑﻦ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋـﱪ اﻟﻜــﻮن واﻟ ﻨﻈــﺮ إﱃ اﻟﻮراء ﻋ . ﱪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻴﺳ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻘـﺪرة ﻏـ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﻋﲆ دراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻐ ﰲ اﻟ ﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻔﻌﲇ إﱃ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . ﻗﺎل ﺑﻮب ﺑﻠﻮم ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻓ ا ﳼ روﺑﻦ و ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ واﻟـﺬي ﺳـﻴﺪﻋﻢ ﻣ ـﻊ ﻣﺨﺘ ـﱪ اﻟﺘ ـ ـ ﴪﻳﻊ اﻟــﻮﻃﻨﻲ (ﺳﻼك ) ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ﺘﻪ اﻟﺘﺸـﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ . ﺗــﻢ ﺗﺼـﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﻴﻜـﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌـﻪ واﺧﺘﺒﺎره ﰲ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻳ ﻮ ﺗﻲ أي / أﺳـﺘﻮرﻓﻴﺘﻮ . ﰲ إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺷﺤﻨﻪ إﱃ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ وﺑﺪأ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺖ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺳ و ﺑﺎﺷﻮن ﰲ أواﺧﺮ ﻋﺎم 2019 . ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛ ﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﻊ وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﻣﱰات ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼت واﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ واﻟﺨـﺮاﻃﻴﻢ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎء واﻻﺗﺼـﺎﻻت واﻟﻬــﻮاء ا ﻀـﻐﻮط وا ﱪدات ﻷﺟﺰ اء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب واﻟﻜﺎﻣ ا ﻣﻊ و ﺟـﻮد اﻷﺟﻬـﺰة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎم ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴـﺎت ا ﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺤ ﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻧـﺎﻣﺞ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻘـﻮد اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺧـﻼل اﻷﺷـﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪة ـــ ـــــ ا ﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ ا ﺘﺨﺼـﺺ ﰲ ا ﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻳﺨﺘﱪ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﱪاﻣﺞ ا ﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳــﺔ ﻣــﺪى دﻗــﺔ ﻧﻘــﺎط اﻟﺘﻠﺴــﻜﻮب .ت وا ﺴﺎرا ﺷـﺎرك ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﺔ أﻧﻈﻤـﺔ روﺑ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﻤـﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ وﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻳﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ ا ﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ وﻳﻌﻤـﻞ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻨﺤـﻮ ا ﺼﻤﻢ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤـﻼت اﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎر ﻫﺬه وﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ وا ﺮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﻳﻔـﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻮاﺻـﻔﺎت ا ﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ . ﺗﻢ اﻹﻋﻼن ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ أن ﻫﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب " ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒ " واﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻗﺮﻳﺒًـﺎ ﴩﻛﺔ ـﻟ ﻳﻮ ﺗﻲ إي ﻟﻠﺒﻨ ﺎء ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب رﺳﻤﻴًﺎ إﱃ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑ وﻋﲆ ﻣﺪار اﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ا ﻘﺒﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻘﺒﻮل اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ وإﺑـﺮام اﻟﻌﻘﺪ . ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻤﺔ روﺑﻦ اﻵن ﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ا ـﺮآة اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ وﻣﺮآة ﺑﺪﻳﻠـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب . ﻗﺎل ﺟ ﻴﻒ ﺑﺎر ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑـﻦ وﻣﺪﻳﺮ ا ﻮﻗﻊ . " إﻧﻪ ﻦ دواﻋﻲ اﻟﺴ ـ ﺮور أﻧـﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ا ﻟﺠﺎد ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻓـﻨﺤﻦ ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ إﻧﺠـﺎز ﺿـﺨﻢ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎل ﺑﻪ . ﺑﻌﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻄـﻴﻂ واﻟﺘﻄـﻮﻳﺮ ﺎء واﻟﺒﻨ ﻳﺴـ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑـﻦ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻄﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻨﺢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر رؤﻳـﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮرﻫﺎ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻜـﻮن اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ وا ﺘﻐ . ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ - ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 3