Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2023 ARABIC VERSION

The size of the ring observed by the GMVA network is roughly 50% larger in comparison to the Event Horizon Telescope image. “To un- derstand the physical origin of the bigger and thicker ring, we had to use computer simulations to test dif- ferent scenarios,” explains Keiichi Asada from the Academia Sinica in Taiwan. The results suggest the new image reveals more of the material that is falling towards the black hole than what could be observed with the EHT. These new observations of M87’s black hole were conducted in 2018 with the GMVA, which consists of 14 radio-telescopes in Europe and North America. In addition, two other fa- cilities were linked to the GMVA: the Greenland Telescope and ALMA, of which ESO is a partner. ALMA con- sists of 66 antennas in the Chilean Atacama desert, and it played a key role in these observations. The data collected by all these tele- scopes worldwide are combined using a technique called interferom- etry, which synchronises the signals taken by each individual facility. But to properly capture the actual shape of an astronomical object it’s impor- tant that the telescopes are spread all over the Earth. The GMVA tele- scopes are mostly aligned East-to- West, so the addition of ALMA in the Southern hemisphere proved es- sential to capture this image of the jet and shadow of M87’s black hole. “Thanks to ALMA’s location and sensitivity, we could reveal the black hole shadow and see deeper into the emission of the jet at the same time,” explains Lu. Future observations with this net- work of telescopes will continue to unravel how supermassive black holes can launch powerful jets. “We plan to observe the region around the black hole at the centre of M87 at different radio wave- lengths to further study the emis- sion of the jet,” says Eduardo Ros from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy. Such simultane- ous observations would allow the team to disentangle the compli- cated processes that happen near the supermassive black hole. “The coming years will be exciting, as we will be able to learn more about what happens near one of the most mysterious regions in the Universe,” concludes Ros.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 14 إن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ (GMVA) أﻛﱪ ﺑﺤﻮاﱄ 50 ٪ ﺑﺎ ﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺻـﻮرة ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴﻨﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون، ﻳﻮﺿﺢ إﻳﺘﴚ أﺳﺎدا ﻣـﻦ ا ﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺎﻳﻮان " : ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻷﺻﻞ ﺎد ا ي ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻷﻛﱪ واﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻤﻜًﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ا ﺤﺎﻛــﺎة اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ـﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒــﺎر ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ﺗﺸ اﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ إﱃ أن اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رﺻﺪه ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴﻨـﺖ . ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻫـﺬ ه اﻷرﺻـﺎد ا ﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﺠﺮة ﰲ ا M87 ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 2018 ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ) GMVA ( واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﻜـﻮن ﻣﻦ 14 ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑ ﺎً رادﻳﻮﻳﺎً ﰲ أوروﺑـﺎ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜـﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﺖﺗﻤـ اﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺛﻨ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷﺧـﺮى : ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺮﻳﻨﻼﻧﺪ و ﻏ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺎ ﻌﺪ ﻳ واﻟﺘﻲ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑ ﻲ ﴍﻳﻜًـﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ إن . ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ا ﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ 66 ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎً رادﻳﻮﻳﺎً ﰲ ﺻﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺸـﻴﻠﻴﺔ وﻗـﺪ ﻟﻌﺒـﺖ دورًا رﺋﻴﺴﻴًﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻷرﺻﺎد . ان اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ دﻣﺠﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺘـﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻘـﻮم ﺑﻤﺰاﻣ ﻨ ـﺔ اﻹﺷـﺎرات اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﻳــﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬ ـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺸـﺄة ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔـﺮد وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﲇ ﻟﺠﺮم ﻓﻠﻜـﻲ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ا ﻬﻢ أن ﺗﻨﺘﴩ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻷرض . ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎذاة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت GMVA) ( ﰲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﴩق إﱃ اﻟﻐﺮب ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ا ـﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺼـﻒ اﻟﻜـﺮة اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ أ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ أﻧﻬﺎ ﴐورﻳﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ وﻇﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻟ ﻠﻤﺠـﺮة M87 . ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﻟـﻮ " : ﺑﻔﻀـﻞ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ أ ـﺎ ) ( وﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻞ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷ ﺳﻮد ورؤﻳﺔ أﻋﻤـﻖ ﰲ اﻧﺒﻌـﺎث اﻟ ﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ." ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻷرﺻﺎد ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﻫﺬه ﰲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟ ﻠﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻓﺎﺋﻘـﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ـــ إﻃﻼق ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎت ﻗﻮﻳﺔ . ﻳﻘﻮل إدواردو روس ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﻟﻠ ﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي " : ﻧﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮة M87 ﺑﺄﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ رادﻳﻮﻳـﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻮاﺻﻠﺔ دراﺳـﺔ اﻧﺒﻌـﺎث اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺔ . ــــ ﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻷرﺻـﺎد ا ﺘﺰاﻣﻨـﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓـﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ا ﻌﻘﺪة بﻗﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ . ﻳﺨﺘﺘﻢ روس ﺑـﺎﻟﻘﻮل " : اﻟﺴـﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﺎدﻣـﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺳﻨﻌﺮف ﺣﻴﺚ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻗـﺮب أﻛﺜﺮ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﻤﻮﺿًﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن . ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ - ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2 0 2 3 ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻧﻔﺎﺛـﺔ وﻇـﻞ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد ﻓـﻲﻣﺮﻛـﺰ اﻟ ﻤﺠـﺮة M87 ﻣﻌًـﺎ ﻷ . ول ﻣـﺮة ﺗـﻢ اﻟـ ـ ﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮ ﺎت ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓﺔ ـﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮ ﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ (GMVA) ﺔ ﻣﺼـﻔﻮﻓ و، ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أﺗ ﺎﻣـ ﺎ اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ ي / ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻠ ﻤ ي اﻟﻜﺒ ﻌﺪ و اﻟ اﻟﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﺷﺮ ًﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب . ﺮ ﻨﻼﻧﺪ ﻏ ـﺔ ﺗﺸـ ﻞ ا ﺗـﻮﻓﺮﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﺴـ ﺎق اﻟــﻼزم ﻟﻔﻬــﻢ ﻛ ﻔ ــﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺔ اﻟﻘﻮ . ﻛﺸـﻔﺖ اﻷرﺻــﺎد ـ اﻟــ ﺪة ﺠﺪ أ ﻀًــﺎ أن ﺣﻠﻘـــﺔ اﻟﺜﻘـــﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد اﻟﻤﻮﺿـــﺤﺔ ﻫﻨـــﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ ﺸـــ ﻞ اﻟـــﺪاﺧﻠﻲ أﻛــ ﻨﺴـــ ﺔ ٥٠ ـ ٪ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟــ ﺗـــﻢ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟـــ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ أ ﻃﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ اﻷﻗﺼﺮﺑﻮاﺳﻄ ﺔ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ا ﻔ ﻨﺖﻫﻮراﻳﺰون . ﺸـ ﻫـﺬا إﻟــﻰ أﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧـﺮىﻓـﻲ اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟـ ـ ﺠﺪ ﺪة اﻟﻤﺰ ــﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤــﻮاد اﻟـ ﺗﺘﺴـﺎﻗﻂ ﺎﺗﺠـﺎﻩ اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد أﻛــ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﻧـﺮاﻩ ﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ا ﻔ ﻨـﺖﻫـﻮراﻳﺰون ] R.-S. Lu (SHAO), E. Ros (MPIfR), S. Dag- nello (NRAO/AUI/NSF)] The video belowcomments on thenew image. [ESO].