Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

Flight 3 was a pure distance run, with Ingenuity covering in 52 sec- onds the distance the Sojourner rover from the Mars Pathfinder Mis- sion covered in 83 sols. With these three successes behind it, the mission entered a brief tran- sitional period from demonstration to operation. After resolving an on- board software problem that post- poned its first attempt, Flight 4, famous for the video and audio Per- severance captured, included color images taken of the Martian surface at the farthest distance traveled during the nearly two-minute flight. Finally, with flight 5, Ginny landed at a different location 130 meters to the south of Wright Brothers Field – designated Airfield B. With hovering, flight, landing, im- aging, and communications all in place, Ingenuity entered its opera- tional demonstration phase with flight 6, where the helicopter was now charged with scouting terrain for Perseverance. With this change in phase also, ironically, came a re- duction in Perseverance resources dedicated to monitoring Ingenuity’s progress. As stated by Jennifer Tro- sper, JPL Deputy Project Manager for Perseverance, “What we aren’t going to be doing anymore, which took an enormous amount of time, is imaging the helicopter flights. That is what took away from our ability to continue with the [Perse- verance] science mission in one way or another.” With its mission goal the search for signs of life some- where in Mars’ ancient past, it is dif- ficult to argue the point. This is not to say that the two would not be in regular communication, nor ever very far from one another physi- cally. The low-power monopole an- tennas on Ginny and Percy are only rated for communications at dis- tances as far as 1 km, and Ginny- NASA communications rely on Percy’s communication with the Mars Relay Network, which consists of NASA orbiters Mars Reconnais- sance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey, and MAVEN, as well as ESA orbiters Exo- Mars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and Mars Express. With this transition to supporting the rover mission, flights became more of a means to an end than the experiments themselves. Flights 7 and 8 were used to reach Séítah, an ancient formation within Jezero Crater that served as the location of the first Perseverance science cam- paign. According to Kevin Hand, co- lead of the Perseverance ex- ploratory phase of this region, Séí- tah (and the Crater Floor Fractured Rough region) “was under at least 100 meters of water 3.8 billion years ـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮ اﻟﺘﻘﻄـﺖ ﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﻣﺮوﺣ ـﺰء اﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓـﻲا ﻨ اﻟﻐﺮ ــــﻲﻣــــﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــــﺔ اﻟﻤــــﺮ ﺦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓــــﺔ ﺎﺳــــﻢ "Séítah" ﺎﺳــــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟ ﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء رﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻦ ﻓﻲ ٢٥ ﻓ اﻳﺮ ٢٠٢٢ [NASA/JPL-Caltech] ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ٣ ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋـﻦ ﺳــﺒﺎق ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺎت ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻗﻄﻌــﺖ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴــﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮ ﻨ ﱵ ﻳ ﺧـﻼل ٥٢ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـــﺔ اﳌﺴـــﺎﻓﺔ اﻟـــﱵ ﻗﻄﻌﻬـــﺎ اﳌﺘﺠـــﻮل ﺳـﻮﺟﻮرﻧﺮ ﻣــﻦ ﺑﻌﺜــﺔ ﺑﺎﺛﻔﺎﻳﻨــﺪر ﻋـﲆ ﺳــﻄﺢ اﳌــــﺮﻳﺦ ٨٣ ﻳــــﻮم ﻣـــــﺮﻳﴠ و ، ﻣــــﻊ ﻫـــــﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣــــﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛــــﺔ دﺧﻠــــﺖ اﻟﺒﻌﺜــــﺔ ﻓــــﱰة اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴـــﺔ وﺟـــﲒة ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻌـــﺮض إﱃ اﳌﺮﺣﻠـــﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓ ، ﺒﻌﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑ ﺮﳎﻴـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﱳ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـــﺔ أﺟـــﺮت ﳏﺎوﻟﺘﻬــــﺎ اﻷوﱃ ﺗﻀــــﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ٤ اﳌﺸﻬﻮرة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ واﻟﺼﻮت ﺣﻴـﺚ ﰎ اﻟﺘﻘـﺎط ﺻـﻮرًا ﻣﻠﻮﻧــﺔ ﻟﺴـﻄﺢ اﳌـﺮﻳﺦ ﻋــﲆ أﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﰎ ﻗﻄﻌﻬـﺎ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﺮﺣ اﻟـﱵ و ﻠـﺔ اﺳـــﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ دﻗﻴﻘﺘـــﲔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًـــﺎ . أﺧـــﲑًا ، ﻣـــﻊ اﻟﻘﻴــﺎم ﺑ ﺎﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ رﻗــﻢ ٥ ، ﻫﺒﻄــﺖ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـــﺔ اﻧﺠﻮ ﻨ ﱵ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌـﺪ ١٣٠ ﻣـﱰًا ﺟﻨــﻮب ﺣﻘــﻞ ) اﻷﺧــﻮﻳﻦ رأﻳــﺖ (- (ب) ﻣﻄــﺎر ﻣـــﻊ إﺟــــﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴــــﻖ واﻟﻄـــﲑان واﻟﻬﺒــــﻮط واﻟﺘﺼــــﻮﻳﺮ واﻻﺗﺼــــﺎﻻت دﺧﻠــــﺖ اﳌ ﺮوﺣﻴــــﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﺘﺸـﻐﻴﲇ ﻣـﻊ و ، اﻟﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ٦ ﰎ ـــ ﺗﻜﻠﻴــــــــﻒ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴــــــــﺔ اﻵن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﺸــــــــﺎف اﻟﺘﻀـﺎرﻳﺲ ﻣـﻦ أﺟـﻞ اﳌﺘﺠـﻮل ﺑﺮﺳـﻔﲑاﻧﺲ و ﻣــﻊ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴــﲑ اﳌﺮﺣﻠــﺔ أﻳﻀًــﺎ ﺣــﺪث اﻧﺨﻔــﺎض ﻣـــﻮارد اﳌﺘﺠـــﻮل ﺑﺮﺳـــﻔﲑاﻧﺲ اﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻖ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮ ﻨ ﱵﻳ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﴏﺣـﺖ ﺟﻴ ﻴﻔــﺮ ﺗﺮوﺳـ ﲑ ، ﻧﺎﺋـﺐ ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﴩـوع ﳐﺘـﱪ اﻟـﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻨﻔـﺎث ﻟـــ اﻧﺠـﻮ ﻨ ﱵ ﻳ ، " ﻣﺎ ﻟﻦ ﻧﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻵن، واﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻐﺮق وﻗﺘًـﺎ ﻃـﻮﻳﻼً، ﻫـﻮ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ رﺣـﻼت اﳌﺮوﺣﻴــﺔ ﻫــﺬا و ﻫــﻮ ﻣــﺎ أﺿــﻌﻒ ﻗــﺪرﺗﻨﺎ ﻋــﲆ اﻻﺳــﺘ ار ﻣﻬﻤـــﺔ ﺑﺮﺳـــﻔﲑاﻧﺲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـــﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـــﺔ أو ﺑﺄﺧﺮى ﻣﻊ ﻫﺪف ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﻋﻼﻣـﺎت اﳊﻴﺎة ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣـﺎ اﳌـﺎﴈ اﻟﻘـﺪﱘ ﻟﻠ ﻳـﺦ و ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﻘ ،ﻄـﺔ ﻫـﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌـــﲏ أن اﻻ ﺛﻨـــﲔ ﻟـــﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧـــﺎ ﻋـــﲆ اﺗﺼـــﺎل ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ وﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﺪًا ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟـــــــــﺒﻌﺾ ﻓ ﺎﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴـــــــــﺎت اﻧﺠـــــــــﻮﻧﻴﱵ و ﺑﺮﺳـــــﻔﲑاﻧﺲ ﻫـــــﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺼـــــﺎﻻت ﺿـــــﻤﻦ ﻣ ﺴــــــﺎﻓﺎت ﺗﺼــــــﻞ إﱃ واﺣــــــﺪ ﻛﻴﻠــــــﻮﻣﱰ ـــــــــــ ـــــــــــــ وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﺗﺼـﺎﻻت اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮ ﻳ ﻨ ﱵ ﻋـﲆ اﺗﺼــــﺎل اﳌﺘﺠــــﻮل ﺑﺮﺳــــﻔﲑاﻧﺲ ﺑﺸــــﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺮﺣﻴــﻞ اﳌــﺮﻳﺦ، اﻟــﱵ ﺗﺘﻜــﻮن ﻣــﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒــﺎت ﻣﺪارﻳــﺔ ﺣــﻮل اﳌــﺮﻳﺦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌــﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳــﺎ ﺗﺸـــﻤﻞ ) ﻣــﺎرس رﻳﻜﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺎﻧﺲ أورﺑﻴـــﱰ ( ) ﻣﺎرس اودﳼ ( ،) ( ﻣﺎرﻓﻦ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎت ﺗﺎﺑﻌــﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴــﺔ ﺗﺸــﻤﻞ ) اﻛﺴـــﻮ - )، ( ﻣـــﺎرس ﺗـــﺮس ﻏـــﺎز اورﺑﻴـــﱰ ( ) ﻣﺎرس اﻛﺴﱪﻳﺲ ، و( ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﱃ دﻋــﻢ ﻣﻬﻤــﺔ اﳌﺘﺠــﻮل ﺑﺮﺳــﻔﲑاﻧﺲ ، ﻓﻠﻘــﺪ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ رﺣـﻼت اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـﺔ وﺳـﻴﻠﺔ ﻟ ﺘﺤ ﻘﻴـﻖ ﻏﺎﻳــﺔ أﻛــﱶ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺘﺠــﺎرب ﻧﻔﺴــﻬﺎ ﰎ ﻓﻘــﺪ اﺳــــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟــــﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ٧ و ٨ ﻟﻠﻮﺻــــﻮل إﱃ Séítah ، وﻫـﻮ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﻗـﺪﱘ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد داﺧـﻞ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﺟﲒرو ﻛو ﺎن ﲟﺜﺎﺑـﺔ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ أول ﺣﻤﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟ ﻠﻤﺘﺠـﻮل ﺑﺮﺳـﻔﲑاﻧﺲ ، ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻫﺬه اﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ و ) اﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ اﳋﺸـﻨﺔ اﳌﺤﻄﻤـﺔ ﻗـﺎع اﻟﻔﻮﻫــ ( ﺔ ﻣﻐﻤـﻮرة ﺑﺎﳌــﺎء ﺑﻌﻤــﻖ ١٠٠ ﻣـــﱰ ﻣﻨـــﺬ ٣.٨ ﻣﻠﻴـــﺎر ﺳـــﻨﺔ ﻋـــﲆ اﻷﻗـــﻞ . ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022