Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

ـﺎرﻃـ ان ﻧـﺎﺟﺢ ﺧﻼل ﺛـﺎﻧﻲاﺧﺘ ـﮫ ﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﺘـﺎر ﺦ ٢٢ أﺑﺮ ﻞ ٢٠٢١ . [NASA/JPL-Caltech] ﻫﺬﻩ أولﺻﻮرة ﻣﻠﻮﻧﮫ ﻟﺴـﻄﺢ اﻟﻤـﺮ ﺦ اﻟﺘﻘﻄـﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮوﺣ ﺔ اﻧﺠﻮ ﺑ ﺎﻣ ا ﻨ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ T in which he sequence NASA’s Persever- ance Mars rover took 62 individual images with its WATSON camera, on April 6, 2021, before they were stitched together into a single selfie. [NASA/ JPL- Caltech/MSSS] The current situation is discussed in great detail by Ingenuity Team Lead Teddy Tzanetos in the post “Ingenu- ity Adapts for Mars Winter Opera- tions” on the NASA Ingenuity Mission Blog. All the technical issues and the many complexities that a Martian winter may bring to the mission aside, the takeaway quote from Tzanetos’ analysis is simple – “each sol (Martian day) could be In- genuity’s last.” Despite the approaching difficult weather conditions ahead, opti- mism still abounds. Ingenuity is now 24 flights past its planned five-flight demonstration phase, has been ac- tively participating in the Persever- ance mission as the scout it is most qualified to be, and has had its mis- sion extended through at least Sep- tember 2022, when conditions on the ground will return to those that the onboard systems can compen- sate for to maintain reliable flight status. With winter and the expecta- tion of dormancy arriving soon to its mission, this is an excellent time to account for the mission and report on its several high- lights. The first flight, taken on April 19, 2021, was covered in detail in the May-June 2021 issue of this maga- zine. At 39 sec- onds, of which 30 seconds was dedi- cated to hovering in place, this first example of con- trolled, powered flight lasted 27 seconds longer than the first pow- ered flight here on Earth. In an action somewhere on the spectrum between sentimen- tality and a nod to history, the spec- ification of Ingenuity’s first flight zone as Wright Brothers Field (offi- cial airport code JZRO for Jezero Crater) also finds a small piece of fabric from Orville and Wilbur’s original 1903 Wright Flyer (that made that first short flight) at- tached to the underside of Ingenu- ity (another piece having flown with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Apollo 11 Eagle Lunar Lander as it touched down on the Moon in 1969). The two additional flights in the ini- tial demonstration phase included longer durations (39 and 52 sec- onds) and greater round-trip dis- tances covered (4 meters and 100 meters). Flight 2 included rotations around the rotor axis (yawing) and images taken at stationary points. ﲤــﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸـﺔ اﻟﻮﺿــﻊ اﳊــﺎﱄ ﺑﺘﻔﺼــﻴﻞ ﻛﺒـﲑ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ رﺋــﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳــﻖ ﻣﺮوﺣﻴـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮﻳﻨ ﱵ ﺗﻴـــــﺪي ﺗﺰاﻧﻴﺘـــــﻮس ﻣﻨﺸـــــﻮر ﺑﻌﻨـــــﻮان " اﻧﺠﻮﻳﻨ ﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺷـﺘﺎء اﳌـﺮﻳﺦ " ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪوﻧـﺔ NASA Ingenuity Mission Blog و ﺑﻐــﺾ اﻟﻨﻈــﺮ ﻋــﻦ ﺟﻤﻴــﻊ اﳌﺸــﻜﻼت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪات اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴـ ﺐ ﺑﻬــﺎ ﺷــﺘﺎء اﳌــﺮﻳﺦ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻤــﺔ ﻓــﺈن اﻻﻗﺘﺒـــﺎس اﻟﴪﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﺰاﻧﻴﺘﻮس ﺑﺴـﻴﻂ " ﻛــﻞ ﻳــﻮم ﻣــﺮﻳﴠ ﳝﻜــﻦ أن ﻳﻜــﻮن آﺧــﺮ ﻳــﻮم ﳌﺮوﺣﻴـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮﻳﻨ ﱵ ﻋــﲆ اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣــﻦ اﻗــﱰاب اﻟﻈـــﺮوف اﳉﻮﻳـــﺔ اﻟﺼـــﻌﺒﺔ ﻻ ﻳـــﺰال اﻟﺘﻔـــﺎؤل ، ﺳـﺎﺋﺪاً ﻓ وﺣﻴـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮﻳﻨ ﱵ ﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﺣـﱴ اﻵن ﺑــ ٢٤ رﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮ ﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌـﺮض اﻟﺘﻮﺿـﻴﴜ ﺧﻤـﺲ رﺣـﻼت ﳐ ﻄـﻂ ﻟﻬـﺎ وﺷـﺎرﻛﺖ ﺑﻨﺸـﺎط ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ اﳌﺴـــــﺒﺎر اﳌﺘﺠـــــﻮل ﺑﲑﺳـــــﻔﺮاﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘ ﺒﺎرﻫـــــﺎ اﻟﻜﺸﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻛﱶ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻼً ﻟﻪ . ﰎ ﲤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺣـﱴ ﺳ ﺘﻤﱪ ٢٠٢٢ ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺳـ ﺒﺪأ اﻟﻈـﺮوف اﳉﻮﻳـﺔ ﺑـ ﺎﻟﻌﻮدة إﱃ ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟـﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻌﻮﺿــﻬﺎ اﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ اﳌﻮﺟـﻮدة ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﱳ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔـﺎظ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﲑان ﻳﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻊ اﻗـﱰاب ﻓﺼـﻞ اﻟﺸـــﺘﺎء وﺗﻮﻗـــﻊ ﺳـــﺒﺎت اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـــﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒًـــﺎ ﻣـــﻦ ﻧﻴــــﻞ أرﻣﺴـــﱰوﻧ ﻎ وﺑــــﺎز أﻟﺪرﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺔ أﺑﻮﻟـﻮ ١١ اﻟﻘ ﻳﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻫ ﺒﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻘـ ﻋـﺎم ١٩٦٩ . ﻟﻘــــــﺪ اﺷـــــــﺘﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺘـــــﺎن اﻹﺿـــــﺎﻓﻴﺘﺎن ﻟﻠ وﺣﻴــﺔ اﻧﺠــﻮﻳﻨ ﱵ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـــــﺔ اﻟﻌـــــﺮض اﻷوﱄ ﻋﲆ ﻓﱰات ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻖ أﻃـﻮل )٣٩ و ٥٢ ( ﺛﺎﻧﻴــﺔ وﻛــﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴــﺔ ﻣﺴــﺎﻓﺎت أﻛــﱪ ذﻫﺎ ﺑًﺎ وإﻳﺎﺑًﺎ )٤ أﻣﺘﺎر و ١٠٠ و ( ﻣــﱰ ﺗﻀــﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــــﺔ ﻛــــﺬﻟﻚ اﺧﺘﺒــــﺎر ندورا اﳌ ﺣــــــــﻮل ﺤــــــــﻮر وﻛــﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﻴــﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘــﺎط اﻟﺼــﻮر ﻧﻘـــﺎط ﺛﺎﺑﺘـــﺔ . ـــــــ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬـﺎ ، ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻫـﺬا وﻗﺘًـﺎ ﳑﺘـﺎزًا ﳌﺮاﺟﻌـﺔ اﳌﻬﻤـﺔ وﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻘـﺎط اﻟﺒـﺎرزة . ﻓﻴﻬـــﺎ ﲤــــﺖ ﺗﻐﻄﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺮﺣﻠــــﺔ اﻷوﱃ اﻟــــﱵ ﰎ إﺟﺮاؤﻫﺎ ١٩ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ ٢٠٢١ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻋـﺪد - ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴـﻮ ٢٠٢١ ﻣــﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﳌﺠﻠـﺔ . ﻓﻔـﻲ ٣٩ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﰎ ﺗﺨﺼـﻴﺺ ٣٠ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴــﻖ اﳌﻜــﺎن وﻗــﺪ اﺳــﺘ ﻫــﺬا اﳌﺜــﺎل اﻷول ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ اﻟــﱵ ﻳــﺘﻢ اﻟــﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬـــﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﳌـﺪة ٢٧ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ أ ﻃـﻮل ﻣـﻦ أول رﺣﻠـﺔ ﺗﻌﻤـــﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗــﺔ ﻫﻨــ ﺎ ﻋــﲆ اﻷرض . اﺧﺘــﲑت ﻣﻮاﺻــﻔﺎت ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﺔ اﻟﻄــﲑا ﳌ ن اﻷوﱃ ﺮوﺣﻴــﺔ اﻧﺠﻮﻳﻨ ﱵ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺖ ﺗﺴــﻤﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﻗــﻊ ﺣﻘــﻞ ) اﻷﺧــﻮﻳﻦ رﻣــﺰ ) ( رأﻳــﺖ اﳌﻄﺎر اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ JZRO ﻟـ ﻔﻮﻫﺔ ﺟـﲒرو ( وﻗـﺪ ﰎ أﻳﻀﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻄﻌـﺔ ﺻـﻐﲑة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻘﻤـﺎش اﻟﱵ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ا و رﻓﻴـﻞ و وﻳﻠـﲑ ﻃﲑاﻧﻬﻤـﺎ اﻟﻌـــﺎم ١٩٠٣ ﺣﻴـــﺚ ﺻـــﻨﻌﺖ ﺗﻠـــﻚ اﻟﺮﺣﻠـــﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﲑة ، وﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﻤـﺎش ﻋـﲆ اﳉﺎﻧـــﺐ اﻟﺴـــﻔﲇ ﻣــــﻦ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـــﺔ اﻧﺠـــﻮ ﻨ ﱵﻳ وﻫﻨﺎك ﻗﻄﻌﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤـﺎشﺣﻠﻘـﺖ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌ ﺮ ﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022 ٧ ﺻــــــــــــــــــــﻮرﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴــــــــــــــــــــﻠﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳـــــــــــﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠــــــــــــﻮل ﺑ ﺳـﻔﺮاﻧﺲ ــﺎرة ﻋ ٦٢ ــــﺎﻣ ا ــــﺔ ﺑ ﺻــــﻮرة ﻓﺮد ﺗﺴــﻤﻰ WATSON ﻓﻲ ٦ أﺑﺮ ﻞ ٢٠٢١ ، ﻗﺒﻞ ــﺘﻢ ﺗ ﻤ ﻌﻬــﺎ ﻣﻌًـــﺎ أن ﻓـــــــــﻲﺻـــــــــﻮرة واﺣـــــــــﺪة ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ [NASA/ JPL- Caltech/MSSS]