Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

more technos- pheres. Wright and colleagues go even further with the imagin- ing, considering self-replicating technologies that spread across the galaxy regardless of technological life (a nearly cen- tury-old idea, at- tributable to John von Neumann). Aside from the more daring sce- equation could go as far as under- estimating N(tech) by ten billion times in some extreme scenarios. Obviously, it is not possible to make precise estimates and projections of galactic technosignature abun- dances based on the only example of a technological civilization that we know of. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to ex- pect that the values of N(tech) and N(bio) are strongly conditioned by L t and L b , respectively. Based on our experiences, we can think that L t must be much smaller than L b . In fact, the Earth hosts life that has been producing biosignatures for tures without technological life and even without a biosphere (Dyson spheres or other megastructures). Another example is a technological civilization that colonizes sterile worlds by creating technospheres. This will likely happen in our own solar system, when humanity has per- manent installations on the Moon, Mars and beyond: a single biosphere (the Earth) in the face of two or narios, there are already more planets in our own solar system with technosig- nature sources than there are planets charac- terized by biosig- natures. Of the latter there is only one, ours, while in the cal- culation of the former we must add to Earth three other plan- ets − Venus, Mars and Jupiter − which are cur- rently visited by terrestrial technological devices that produce technosignatures (radio waves) certainly weak but theoretically detectable by alien technologies. Wright and colleagues estimate that if spreading technology across the galaxy is part of any civiliza- tion’s evolutionary path, the Drake billions of years, while the first prom- inent technosignatures date back to only a few centuries ago. Since its original formulation, the biggest unknown in the Drake equa- tion has been the duration of a com- municative civilization, paradoxically the only unknown of which we our- selves are the only known example. J search Investigator at Blue Marble acob Haqq-Misra is a Senior Re- Space Institute of Science. [Penn State University] J astrophysics at The Pennsylvania State University poses for ason Wright, is an associate professor of astronomy and a portrait in the Davey Lab building on the Penn State cam- pus on March 14, 2019. [Eric Firestine, Special to Penn-Live] A nity members. He was awarded the 2021 Carl Sagan dam Frank speaks to an audience of Rochester commu- Medal for excellence in public communication in planetary science. [University of Rochester / J. Adam Fenster] اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘـ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺼـﺎدر ﺑﺼـﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ أﻛـﱶ ﻣـﻦ ﻋـﺪد اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟـﱵ ﺗﺘﻤـﲒ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺼـﻤﺎت اﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔ . ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﲔ اﻷﺧـﲑ ، ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ واﺣـﺪ ، ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻷول ﻳﺠـﺐ أن ﻧﻀـﻴﻒ إﱃ اﻷرض ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﻛﻮاﻛـﺐ أﺧـــﺮى اﻟﺰﻫـــﺮة واﳌـــﺮﻳﺦ واﳌﺸـــﱰي واﻟـــﱵ ﺗﺰورﻫـــﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًـــﺎ اﻷﺟﻬـــﺰة اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺼـﻤﺎت ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ) ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳـﻮ ( ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﻬ ﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳًـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎت اﻟﻔﻀـ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﺪر رأﻳﺖ وزﻣﻼؤه أﻧﻪ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﱪ اﳌﺠﺮة ﺟﺰءًا ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴـﺎر ﺗﻄـﻮري ﻷي ﺣﻀـﺎرة ﻓـﺈن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﺔ درﻳـﻚ ﳝﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺼـﻞ إﱃ ﺣـﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ) ﻗﻴﻤﺔ tech (N ﲟﻘﺪار ﻋﴩة ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات ﻣـﺮة ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺑﺑب آدم ﻓﺮاﻧﻚ ﺘﺤﺪث إﻟﻰ ﻤﻬﻮرﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ روﺗﺸﺴ . ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ـــــــﺔ ﻣ ﺪاﻟ ـــــــﺎرلﺳـــــــﺎﻏﺎن ٢٠٢١ ﻟﻠﺘﻤـــــــ ﻓـــــــﻲاﻻﺗﺼـــــــﺎل اﻟﻌـــــــﺎمﻓـــــــﻲﻋﻠـــــــﻮم اﻟ ﻮاﻛﺐ . i it f ochester / J. Adam Fenster] ـﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜ ﺟ ﺴﻮن را ﺖ ، أﺳـﺘﺎذ ﻣﺸـﺎركﻓـﻲﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚواﻟﻔ ـﺔ ﻨﺴــﻠﻔﺎﻧ وﻻ ــ ﺎ ، ﻘــﻒﻻﻟﺘﻘـﺎطﺻــﻮرةﺷﺨﺼـ ﺔ ﻓــﻲﻣ Davey Lab ﻓﻲﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮوﻻ ﺔ ﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧ ﺎ ﻓﻲ ١٤ ﻣﺎرس ٢٠١٩ . [Eric Firestine, Special to Penn-Live] ﻌﻘﻮبﺣﻖﻣ ﺴﺮا ﻫﻮ ﺎﺣﺚ أول ﻓﻲاﻷ ﺑﺤﺎث ﻓﻲﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻠﻮﻣﺎر ﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎء ﻟﻌﻠﻮم وا . [Penn Stat University] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟ ﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022 ٣٨ ﳝﻜﻨﻨــﺎ أن ﻧﺄﺧــﺬ ﻋــﲆ ﺳــ ﻴﻞ اﳌﺜــﺎل ﺗﻘﻨﻴــﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟــﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴــﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘــﺎ ء ﻋــﲆ ﻗﻴــﺪ اﳊﻴــﺎة اﳌﺤــﻴﻂ اﳊﻴــﻮي اﻟــﺬي أﻧﺸــﺄ ﺗﻪ وﻗـﺎدرة ﻋـﲆ إﻧﺘـﺎج ﺑﺼـﻤﺎت ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺪون ﺣﻴﺎة ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ وﺣﱴ ﺑﺪون ﳏﻴﻂ ﺣﻴـﻮي ) ﻛﺮات داﻳﺴﻮن أو ﻫﻴﺎﻛـﻞ ﻋﻤﻼﻗـﺔ أﺧـﺮى ( ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ ﻫـﻮ اﳊﻀـﺎرة اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ اﻟـﱵ اﺳﺘﻌ ت ﻋﻮاﱂ ﻣﻌﻘﻤـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﺑﺘﻜـﺎر ﳏﻴﻂ ﺗﻘﲏ . ﻣﻦ اﳌﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺤـﺪث ﻫـﺬا ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﺳ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺒﴩﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺸـــﺂت داﲚـــﺔ ﻋــﲆ اﻟﻘـــ واﳌــﺮﻳﺦ وﻣــﺎ وراءﻫﻤــﺎ : ﳏــﻴﻂ ﺣﻴــﻮي واﺣــﺪ اﻷرض) ( ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻏﻼﻓﲔ أو أﻛﱶ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﳉـﻮي ﻳـــﺬﻫﺐ رأﻳـــﺖ وزﻣـــﻼؤه إﱃ أﺑﻌـــﺪ ﻣــــﻦ ذﻟـــﻚ اﻟﺘﺨﻴـــﻞ ، ﻣــﻊ اﻷﺧــﺬ اﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎر ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎت اﻟﺘﻜـﺮار اﻟــﺬاﰐ اﻟــﱵ ﺗﻨ ﴩــ ﻋــ ﱪ اﳌﺠـﺮة ﺑﻐـﺾ اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻋـﻦ اﳊﻴــــــﺎة اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــــــﺔ ) ﻓﻜــــﺮة ﻗﺪﳝــــﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﺒًــــﺎ ﺗُﻨﺴـــﺐ إﱃ ﺟـــﻮن ﻓـــﻮن ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎن ( وﺑ ﴫـف اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻋــــــﻦ اﻟﺴــــــ ﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت اﻷﻛــــﱶ ﺟــــﺮأة ﻳﻮﺟــــﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌــﻞ ﻋــﺪد أﻛــﱪ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺴـــ ﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت اﻷﻛـــﱶ ﺗﺸــﺪدا ﻓ. ﻤــﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿـــﺢ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﲇ ﺑ ﺄﻧﻪ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑ ﻌﻤـﻞ ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮات دﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟـﻮﻓﺮة اﻟﺒﺼــﻤﺎت اﳌﺠﺮﻳــﺔ ﺑﻨــﺎءً ﻋﲆ اﳌﺜﺎل ا ﳌﻌﺮوف ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎرة اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ، وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ﻓﻤــﻦ اﳌﻌﻘــﻮل ﺟـــﺪاً أن ﻧﺘﻮﻗــﻊ أن ﺗﻜــﻮن ﺗﻠــﻚ اﻟ ﻘﻴﻢ N ( ech) و N (bio) ﻣﴩـوﻃﺔ ﺑﺸـﺪة ﺑـ (Lt) ( و Lb) ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻮاﱄ و ، ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋـﲆ ﺗ ﺠﺎرﺑﻨـﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻨـﺎ اﻋﺘﻘـﺎد أن (Lt) ﻳﺠـﺐ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن أﺻـﻐﺮ ﺑﻜﺜـﲑ ﻣـﻦ (Lb) ، ﻧﻌـﺮف أ ن اﻷرض ﺗﺴﺘﻀــﻴﻒ اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﱵ ﺗﻨـﺘﺞ ﺑﺼـﻤﺎت ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺣﻴﻮﻳـﺔ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎرات اﻟﺴ ﲔ ـــــــــــــــــــــ ﺣـــﲔ أن أول ﺑﺼـــﻤﺎت ﺗﻘﻨﻴـــﺔ ﻋـــﲆ اﻟﻜـــﺮة اﻷرﺿـــﻴﺔ ﺗﻌــﻮد إﱃ ﻗــﺮون ﻗﻠﻴﻠــﺔ ﻓﻘــﻂ . ﻣﻨــﺬ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻛﺎن أﻛﱪ ﳎﻬـﻮل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﺔ درﻳﻚ ﻫـﻮ ﺪة اﳌـ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟ ﻠﺤﻀـﺎرة اﻟﺘﻮاﺻـﻠﻴﺔ و ﻟﻌــﻞ ﻣــﻦ اﻛــﱪ اﳌﻔﺎرﻗــﺎت ﻮ ﻫــ أن اﳌﺠﻬــﻮل اﻟﻮﺣﻴــﺪ اﻟــﺬي ﻧﺤــﻦ أﻧﻔﺴــﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﺘــﱪ ﻫــﻮ اﳌﺜــﺎل اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺣﻮل وﺟـﻮد ﺣﻀـﺎرة ذﻛﻴـﺔ ــ