Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

spread far beyond their origin in space, time and scope. In practice, the Drake equation cannot repre- sent all of this. To bridge the gap, Wright and colleagues propose two new “Drake-like” equations. The first variant is: N(bio) = R * f p n p f l L b and is designed to estimate the number of planets with biosigna- tures detectable from Earth with current instruments and based on today’s knowledge. The term f l is here interpreted as the fraction of planets that develop biospheres comparable to ours, while L b is the average time during which a bios- phere is detectable. The second variant is: N(tech) = R * f p n p f l f t L t and provides an estimate of the number of planets with technosig- natures, as we can expect based on our experiences. Here, f t expresses the fraction of planets hosting intel- ligent life that produce technosig- natures and is the equivalent of f i f c in the canonical form of the equa- tion. L t , on the other hand, is the time during which the technosigna- tures remain detectable. If the evolution of life on Earth were the galactic standard and the tech- nological level reached by humanity were the highest in the Milky Way, we could say that N(bio)>N(tech). However, the researchers rightly point out that although technology originates from biology, it can also exist regardless of the latter in vari- ous forms that the original equation does not capture. We can take the example of a technology resistant enough to sur- vive the biosphere that created it and capable of producing technosigna- J eclectic and controver- ohn Von Neumann, an sial genius of the twenti- eth century, is the father of the Theory of Self-Re- producing Automata, ac- cording to which, in the future, machines could replicate themselves re- gardless of the existence of human beings. This would allow them to spread across the galaxy in astronomically short times. F 2017. More than sixty years have passed since this astronomer proposed his rank Drake speaking at Cornell University in Schwartz Auditorium, 19 October famous equation, which still today generates discussions among astrobiologists. [Amalex5] إﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻠﻬﺎ اﳌﻜﺎن واﻟﺰﻣﺎ ن واﻟﻨﻄــﺎق . ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴــﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜــﻦ أن ﲤﺜـﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـﺔ درﻳـﻚ ﻛـﻞ ﻫـﺬا ﻟﺴـﺪ اﻟﻔﺠـﻮة ﻟـــﺬﻟﻚ اﻗـــﱰح رأﻳـــﺖ وزﻣـــﻼؤه ﻣﻌـــﺎدﻟﺘﲔ " ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﲔ ﺷ ﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺪرﻳﻚ " ﳏﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﻛـــﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺒـــﺎت اﻟـــﱵ ﲤﺜـــﻞ أﻓﻜـــﺎر ﺟﺪﻳـــﺪة اﳋ ﻴﺎر اﻷول ﻫﻮ : N (b o) = R * fp np fl Lb ﻲوﻫـ ﺔ ﻣﺼــﻤﻤ ﻟﺘﻘــﺪﻳﺮ ﻋـﺪد اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ذات اﻟﺒﺼﻤﺎت اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷدوات اﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﺮﻓــﺔ اﻟﻴــﻮم . ﻳــﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺴــﲑ اﳌﺼـــﻄﻠﺢ )fl( ﻋـﲆﻫﻨﺎ أﻧـﻪ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟـﱵ ﺗﻄـﻮر ﻏﻼﻓًـــﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﻳًـــﺎ ﳑـــﺎﺛﻼً ﻟﻨـــﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـــﺎ ) (Lb ﻫـــﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﳝﻜﻦ ﺧﻼﻟـﻪ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف اﳌﺤﻴﻂ اﳊﻴﻮي . اﳋﻴﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ : N (tech) = R * fp np fl ft Lt وﺗﻘﺪم ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮًا ﻟﻌـﺪد اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ذات اﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟـﻮﴂ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ أن ﻧﺘﻮﻗـﻊ ﺑﻨـﺎءً ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻨـﺎ ﻫﻨـﺎ ، ﻳﻌـﱪ )ft( ﻋـﻦ ﺟـﺰء اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟــﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻀــﻴﻒ اﳊ ﻴــﺎة اﻟﺬﻛﻴــﺔ اﻟــﱵ ﺗﻨــﺘﺞ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ واﻟــﱵ ﺗﻌــﺎدل اﻟﺸــﻜﻞ اﳌﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ . ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧـﺮى ( ) ﻓــﺈن Lt ﻫــﻮ اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ اﻟــﺬي ﺗﻈــﻞ ﺧﻼﻟــﻪ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸﺎف . إذا ﻛﺎن ﺗﻄﻮر اﳊﻴـﺎة ﻋـﲆ اﻷرض ﻫـﻮ اﳌﻌﻴـﺎر اﳌﺠـﺮي واﳌﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﴂ اﻟﺬي ﺑﻠﻐﺘﻪ اﻟﺒﴩـﻳﺔ ﻛﺎ ﻧــﺖ اﻷﻋــﲆ ﳎــﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧــﺔ ، ﳝﻜﻨﻨــﺎ اﻟﻘــــﻮل أن ) N(bio)>N(tech وﻣــــﻊ ذﻟــــﻚ ﻳﺸﲑ اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻋـﻦ ﺣـﻖ إﱃ أﻧـﻪ ﻋـﲆ اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﺗﻨﺒــﻊ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻷﺣﻴـﺎء ﺳﺴﺲ إﻻ أﻧﻬـــﺎ ﳝﻜـــﻦ أن ﺗﻮﺟـــﺪ أﻳﻀًـــﺎ ﺑﻐـــﺾ اﻟﻨﻈـــﺮ ﻋـــﻦ اﻷﺧــــﲑة أﺷــــــــﻜﺎل ﳐﺘﻠﻔــــــــﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘــــــــﻮم ﺑﺘﻮﺿـــﻴﺤﻬﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟـــﺔ اﻷﺻــــﻠﻴﺔ . ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ﻓﺮاﻧﻚ در ﻚ ﺘﺤﺪثﻓﻲﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻮر ﻴﻞ ﻓﻲﻗﺎﻋﺔﺷـﻮار ﺰ، ١٩ أﻛﺘـﻮﺑﺮ ٢٠١٧ . ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻣـﺮ أﻛـ ﻣـﻦﺳـﺘ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﺣ ﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ أن اﻗ حﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺗﮫ ﺑ . [Amalex5] ﺟـــــــﻮن ﻓـــــــﻮن ﻧﻴﻮﻣـــــــﺎن ، ﻋ ﻘـــــــﺮي اﻧﺘﻘــــــﺎﺋﻲوﻣﺜـــــــ ﻟﻠﺨــــــﻼفﻓـــــــﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻦ ،ﻫﻮ أب ﻧﻈﺮ ـﺔ ــــــﺔ إﻋــــــﺎدة إﻧﺘــــــﺎج اﻟــــــﺬات اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋ وﻓﻘًـــــﺎ ﻟـــــﺬﻟﻚ، ﻓـــــﻲاﻟﻤﺴـــــﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻤﻜـــــﻦ ﻟـــــﻶﻻت أن ﺗﻜـــــﺮرﻧﻔﺴــــﻬﺎ ﻐـــﺾاﻟﻨﻈـــﺮﻋـــﻦ وﺟـــﻮد اﻟ ﺸــــﺮ ﺳ ﺴـــﻤﺢ ﻟﻬــــﻢذﻟــــﻚ ﺎﻻﻧﺘﺸــــﺎر ﻋــ اﻟﻤﺠــﺮة ﻓــﻲأوﻗـﺎتﻓﻠ ــﺔ ﻜ . ﻗﺼ ة ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022 ٣٧

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