Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

S by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collabo- ize comparison of the two black holes imaged ration: M87*, at the heart of the galaxy Messier 87, and Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), at the centre of the Milky Way. The image shows the scale of Sgr A* in comparison with both M87* and other ele- ments of the Solar System such as the orbits of Pluto and Mercury. Also displayed is the Sun’s di- ameter and the current location of the Voyager 1 space probe, the furthest spacecraft from Earth. M87*, which lies 55 million light-years away, is one of the largest black holes known. While Sgr A*, 27,000 light-years away, has a mass roughly four million times the Sun’s mass, M87* is more than 1000 times more massive. Because of their relative distances from Earth, both black holes ap- pear the same size in the sky. [EHT collaboration (acknowledgment: Lia Medeiros, xkcd)] Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) in France — as well as a supercom- puter to combine EHT data hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Germany. Moreover, Europe contributed with funding to the EHT consortium proj- ect through grants by the European Research Council and by the Max Planck Society in Germany. “It is very exciting for ESO to have been playing such an important role in unravelling the mysteries of black holes, and of Sgr A* in particular, over so many years,” commented ESO Director General Xavier Bar- cons. “ESO not only contributed to the EHT observations through the ALMA and APEX facilities but also enabled, with its other observato- first image of a black hole, called M87*, at the centre of the more dis- tant Messier 87 galaxy. The two black holes look remarkably similar, even though our galaxy’s black hole is more than a thou- sand times smaller and less massive than M87*. “We have two completely different types of galaxies and two very different black hole masses, but close to the edge of these black holes they look amazingly similar,” says Sera Markoff, Co-Chair of the EHT Science Council and a professor of theoretical astrophysics at the University of Amsterdam, the Nether- the black holes.” This achievement was considerably more difficult than for M87*, even though Sgr A* is much closer to us. EHT scientist Chi- kwan (‘CK’) Chan, from Steward Observatory and Department of As- ries in Chile, some of the previous breakthrough observations of the Galactic centre.” The EHT achievement follows the collaboration’s 2019 release of the lands. “This tells us that General Relativity governs these objects up close, and any differences we see further away must be due to differ- ences in the material that surrounds tronomy and the Data Science Insti- tute of the University of Arizona, USA, explains: “The gas in the vicin- ity of the black holes moves at the same speed — nearly as fast as light ﻣﻨــﺬ ﻋــﺎم ٢٠١٨ اﻧﻀــﻤﺖ ﻣﺼــﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﳌﻠﻴﻤــﱰات اﳌﻤﺘـﺪة (NOEMA) ﻓﺮﻧﺴـﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻤﻼق ﻟـﺪﱅ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴ ــﺖ ﻫــﻮراﻳﺰون و اﻟــﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻀــﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻬــﺪ ﻣـﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧـﻚ ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻟﺮادﻳـﻮي أﳌﺎﻧﻴـﺎ ﻋــﻼ وة ﻋــﲆ ذﻟــﻚ ، ﺳــﺎﻫﻤﺖ أوروﺑـــﺎ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳــﻞ ﻣﴩوع ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴ ﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻣـــﻨﺢ ﻣً ﻘﺪﻣـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ ﳎﻠـــﺲ اﻟﺒﺤـــﻮث اﻷوروﰊ وﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ أﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ، ﻋﻠـﻖ ﻛﺰاﻓﻴﻴـﻪ ﺑﺎرﻛﻮﻧﺰ اﳌﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟ ﻠ ﺻﺪ اﻷوروﰊ اﳉﻨﻮﰊ : إﻧﻪ ﳌﻦ اﳌﺜﲑ ﺟﺪًا أن ﻳﻘـﻮم اﳌﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﰊ اﳉﻨﻮﰊ ﺑﻠﻌﺐ دورً ا ﻣﻬﻤًـﺎ اﻟ ﻋـــﻦ ﻜﺸـــﻒ أﴎار اﻟﺜﻘـــﻮب اﻟﺴـــــﻮداء ، وﻻ ﺳـــــﻴﻤﺎ اﻟﺜﻘـــــﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ) اﻟﻘﻮس أ (* ﻓ ﻌـــﲆ ﻣـــﺪى ﺳـــﻨﻮات ﻋﺪﻳـــﺪة ﱂ ﻳ ﺴـﺎﻫﻢ اﳌﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﰊ اﳉﻨـﻮﰊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــــــﺎت رﺻــــــــﺪ ﺷــــــــﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴ ـﺖ ﻫـﻮراﻳﺰن ﻣـﻦ ﺧـــــﻼل ﻣﻨﺸــــــﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــــﻜﻮب اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺛﻔﻴﻨﺪر اﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ وﻣﺮﺻﺪ اﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ اﳌﻠﻴﻤﱰي اﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑـﻞ ﺳــﺎﻫﻢ أﻳﻀًــﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒــﺔ أﺧــﺮى ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷرﺻ ﺎد اﳌﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳌﺮﻛـﺰ اﳌﺠــــﺮة ، ﻳــــﺄﰐ إﻧﺠــــﺎز ﺗﻠﺴـــــﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴ ــــﺖ ﻫﻮراﻳﺰون ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم اﻟﻌﺎم ٢٠١٩ ﺑﻨﴩ أول ﺻـــﻮرة ﻟﺜﻘـــﺐ أﺳـــﻮد ، ﻳُـــﺪﻋﻰ )M87 *( ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ ﳎــﺮة ﻣﻴﺴــ ﻴ ﺔ ٨٧ اﻷﻛــﱶ ﺑﻌــﺪاً . ﻳﺒــﺪو اﻟﺜﻘﺒﺎن اﻷﺳﻮدان ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﻋــﲆ اﻟــﺮﻏﻢ ﻣــﻦ أن اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد ﳎﺮﺗﻨــﺎ أﺻـﻐﺮ ﺑــﺄﻟﻒ ﻣــﺮة وأﻗــﻞ ﻛﺘﻠــﺔ ﻣــﻦ )M87 *( ــــــــــــ ﻟـــﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﻋــــﺎن ﳐﺘﻠﻔـــﺎن ﲤﺎﻣًـــﺎ ﻣـــﻦ اﳌﺠـــﺮات وﻛﺘﻠﺘﺎن ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎن ﲤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء و ﻟﻜـــﻦ ﺑـــﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣـــﻦ ﺣﺎﻓـــﺔ ﻫــــﺬه اﻟﺜﻘـــﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﺗﺒـﺪو ﻣﺘﺸـﺎﺑ ﻬﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣـﺬﻫﻞ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﻘـــﻮل ﺳـــﲑا ﻣـــﺎرﻛﻮف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـــﺔ اﳌﺸـــﺎرﻛﺔ ﳌﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻳﻔﻴ ﺖ ﻫـﻮراﺑﺰون وأﺳــــﺘﺎذة اﻟﻔﲒﻳــــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴــــﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳــــﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ أﻣﺴـﱰدام ، ﻫﻮﻟﻨـﺪا : ﻳﺨﱪﻧـﺎ ﻫـﺬا أن اﻟﻨﺴــ ﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣــﺔ ﺗﺤﻜــﻢ ﻫــﺬه اﻷﺟﺴــﺎم ﻋــﻦ ﻗــﺮب وأي اﺧﺘﻼﻓــﺎت ﻧﺮاﻫـــﺎ ﺑﻌﻴــﺪًا ﻳﺠــﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺴ ﺐ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﳌ ﺎدة اﻟﱵ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ، ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻹﻧﺠـﺎز أﻛـﱶ ﺻــﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻜﺜــﲑ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﺼــﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد M87) *( ﻋــﲆ اﻟــﺮﻏﻢ ﻣــﻦ أن اﻟﺜﻘــﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد ) اﻟﻘــﻮس أ *( أﻗــﺮب ﻛﺜــﲑًا إﻟﻴﻨــﺎ ، ﻳﴩــح ﻋــﺎﱂ ﻛﻮان ﺗﺸﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺳ ﻴﻮارد وﻗﺴـﻢ ﻋﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ وﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ أرﻳﺰوﻧـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮ ﻻﻳﺎت اﳌﺘﺤـﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ : اﳌـﺎدة ﺗﺘﺤـﺮك ﺑـــ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﴪـــﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًـــﺎ ﺣـــﻮل ﻛـــﻞ ﻣـــﻦ ) اﻟﻘﻮس أ و (* (M87 *) وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻣﻘﺎر ــــــﺔ اﻷﺳــــــﻮدﻳﻦ اﻟﻠــــــﺬﻳﻦ ﺗــــــﻢ ﺗﺼـــــــﻮﻳﺮﻫﻤﺎ ــــــﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﺒــــــ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺷ ﻜﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب ا ﻔﻨـﺖﻫـﻮراﻳﺰون : اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد (M87*) ﻓـــــﻲﻗﻠـــــﺐﻣﺠـــــﺮة ﻣ ﺴـــــﻴ ﮫ ٨٧ ، و اﻟﺜﻘـــــﺐ اﻷ ﺳـــــﻮد ) اﻟﻘــﻮسأ *( وﺳـــﻂﻣﺠـــﺮة در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧــﺔ . وﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮأﺧـــﺮىﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻲﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣـﺪاري ﻠﻮﺗـﻮ وﻋﻄـﺎرد . ُﻌـﺮضأ ﻀًـﺎ ــﺎﺟﺮ ــﺎﻟﻲﻟﻤﺴــ ﺎراﻟﻔﻀــﺎء ﻓﻮ ﻗﻄــﺮاﻟﺸــﻤﺲواﻟﻤﻮﻗــﻊ ا ١ أ ﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻋـﻦ اﻷرض . اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد (M87*) اﻟـﺬ ﻳ ﻌـﺪ ٥٥ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮنﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋ ﺔ واﺣـﺪ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﻦ أﻛـ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ا ﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓــــــــﺔ ، أن ﻓــــــــﻲﺣــــــــ اﻟﺜﻘــــــــﺐ اﻷﺳــــــــﻮد ) اﻟﻘــــــــﻮسأ *( ﻋﻠــــــﻰﻣﺴــــــﺎﻓﺔ ٢٧٠٠٠ ﺳــــــﻨﺔ ﺿـــــﻮﺋ ﺔ ﻟــــــﮫ ﻛﺘﻠــــــﺔ ﺗﻘــــــﺎر أر ﻌــــــﺔ ﺿــــﻌﻒﻛﺘﻠــــﺔ اﻟﺸــــﻤﺲ، ﻣﻼﻳــــ ﻟــــﺬﻟﻚ ﻓــــﺈن اﻟﺜﻘــــﺐ اﻷﺳــــﻮد (M87*) أﻛــــ ١٠٠٠ ، ﻣــــﺮة و ﺴــــ ﺐﻣﺴــــﺎﻓﺘﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﺴــــﺒ ﺔ ﻋـــــﻦ اﻷرض ﻈﻬﺮ ﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺲا ﻢ ﻓﻲاﻟﺴﻤﺎء . ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022 ١٨ [EHT collaboration (acknowledgment: Lia Medeiros, xkcd)]