Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

ture Martian flight are already un- derway as part of sample collection and delivery for eventual return to Earth. In a solar system filled with gas giants, thick atmospheres, and moons containing surface and sub- surface liquids, exploration requir- ing modes of travel beyond wheeled rovers are key to discovery. With a solid demonstration on Mars al- ready in the proverbial history books, the NASA New Frontiers Pro- gram has set sights on a return to Saturn’s moon Titan with the up- coming Dragonfly Mission. A pro- posed dual-quadcopter is scheduled to land on January 1, 2034 and fly through Titan’s thick predominantly nitrogen atmosphere to explore this moon − a world rich in surface or- ganic molecules and remarkably varied surface geology. If alternative power supplies and equipment can be kept very light, the harsh realities of cold Martian winters might be avoided, enabling surveys, studies, or transportation around both hemispheres through- out the Martian year. If constrained to flight based on solar power, it is marvelous to think of swarms of ro- bust solar helicopters migrating sea- sonally across the Martian hemispheres. This might keep the polar regions inaccessible to flying robots until technology catches up to our scientific curiosity, but it still leaves us a very large part of a very unexplored planet to discover. As al- ways, the technology being incorpo- rated into planetary missions is both older and more resilient than the state-of-the-art. How our efforts on Earth to improve solar panel, bat- tery, and electronics efficiencies to accommodate global energy de- mands will play out in planetary mis- sions remains to be seen. It should not go without mention that much of Ingenuity, including the commu- nications hardware, batteries, cam- eras, and sensors, is completely off- the-shelf and available for purchase by anyone online. This helicopter, and the mission in general, might have looked a fair bit different with equipment only a generation or two older. Flight 29 is in the books despite some technical and weather-related problems − but perhaps another flight opportunity will open soon before the long wait to northern Martian spring, when conditions will again be suitable for Ingenuity to warm up, wake up, and take to the skies. For those looking for the most up-to-date information, the Ingenu- ity Mission site (mars.nasa.gov/tech- nology/helicopter/) has been a wealth of information about Ingenuity’s ac- tivities and the trials and tribulations that come from being a first experi- ment on a world less forgiving of hardware than our own.      ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﻐﻼف اﳉـﻮي ﻟﻠ ﻳـﺦ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت وﺗﺴـﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌـﻮدة ﻧﻬﺎﻳــــﺔ اﳌﻄــــﺎف إﱃ اﻷرض إن. ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨــــﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﻳﻀﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘـﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳـﺔ واﻷﻏﻠﻔــﺔ اﳉﻮﻳــﺔ اﻟﺴــﻤﻴﻜﺔ واﻷﻗﻤــﺎر اﻟــﱵ ﺗﺤﺘـــ ﻮي ﻋـــﲆ ﺳـــﻮاﺋﻞ ﺳـــﻄﺤﻴﺔ وﺗﺤـــﺖ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ، ﻓﺈن اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ أﳕﺎﻃًﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ ﺧﺎرج اﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎ ت ذات اﻟﻌﺠـﻼت ﻫــﻮ ﻣﻔﺘــﺎح اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎ ف ﻣﺜـﺎل ﻣـﻊ ﺗﻮﺿـﻴﴜ ﻗــﻮي ﻋــﲆ ﻛﻮﻛــﺐ اﳌــﺮﻳﺦ ﺟــﺎﻫﺰًا ﻛﺘــﺐ اﻟﺘـﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟـﱵ ﺳ ﻴﴬـب ﺑﻬــﺎ اﻷﻣﺜــﺎل ، ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ وﺿـﻌﺖ وﻛﺎﻟـﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻋﻴ ﻴﻬـﺎ اﻟﻌـﻮدة إﱃ ﻗ زﺣﻞ ﺗﻴﺘﺎن ﻣﻊ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ دراﻏـﻮن ﻓـﻼي اﻟﻘﺎدﻣــﺔ ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻣــﻦ اﳌﻘــﺮر أن ﺗﻬــﺒﻂ ﻃــﺎﺋﺮة ﻣﺮوﺣﻴــﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟــﺔ اﻷول ﻣــﻦ ﻳﻨــﺎﻳﺮ ٢٠٣٤ وﺗﺤﻠﻖ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﳉـﻮي اﻟﺴـﻤﻴﻚ ﻟ ﺘ ﺘـﺎن اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻐﻠـﺐ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ اﻟﻨ ﱰوﺟـﲔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎف ﻫـــﺬا اﻟﻘـــ - وﻫـــﻮ ﻋـــﺎﱂ ﻏـــﲏ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﻳﺌـــﺎت اﻟﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴـﻄﺤﻴﺔ وﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﺳـﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋـــﺔ ﺑﺸـــﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤــــﻮظ . ﳝﻜـــﻦ ﺗﺠﻨــــﺐ ـــــــــــ ﻓﺼــﻮل اﻟﺸــﺘﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﺳــﻴﺔ ﻋــﲆ اﳌــﺮﻳﺦ، ﳑــﺎ ﻳﺘـﻴﺢ إﺟـﺮاء اﻟﺪراﺳـﺎت أو اﻟﺘﻨﻘـﻞ ﺣـﻮل ﻛـﻼ ﻧﺼــﻔﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﻛــﺐ ﻃــﻮال اﻟﻌـــﺎم اﳌـــﺮﻳﴠ إذا ﻛﺎﻧـــﺖ ﺑﻨـــﺎء ﻋـــﲆ اﻟﻄـــﲑ و ان ﻋـــﲆ أﺳـــﺎس اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ، ﻓﻤـﻦ اﻟﺮاﺋـﻊ أن ﻧﻔﻜـﺮ أﴎاب ﻣـﻦ ﻃـﺎﺋﺮات اﻟﻬﻠﻴﻜـﻮﺑﱰ اﻟـﱵ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻋـﱪ اﻟﻨﺼـﻔﲔ اﻟﺸـﻤﺎﱄ واﳉﻨــﻮﰊ ﻟﻠ ﻳــﺦ ﻣــﺎ ﻗــﺪ ﻳﺠﻌـــﻞ اﳌﻨـــﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺻـﻮل اﻟﺮوﺑﻮﺗـﺎت اﻟﻄـﺎﺋﺮة و أن ﺗﻠﺤــﻖ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺎ ﺑﻔﻀــﻮﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺗﱰك ﻟﻨـ ﺎ ﺟـﺰءًا ﻛﺒـﲑًا ﺟـﺪًا ﻣـﻦ ﻛﻮﻛـــﺐ ﻏـــﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻜﺸـــﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـــﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴـــﺎم ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸـــﺎﻓﻪ . ﻛﻤــــﺎ ﻫـــﻮ اﳊـــﺎل داﲚًـــﺎ ﻓــــﺈن اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـــﺎ اﻟـــﱵ ﻳـــﺘﻢ دﳎﻬـــﺎ ﻣﻬﻤـــﺎت اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﻫﻲ أﻗ ﺪم وأﻛﱶ ﻣﺮوﻧـﺔ ﻣـﻦ أﺣـﺪث اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـــﺎت وﻳﺒﻘـــﻰ أن ﻧـــﺮى ﻛﻴـــﻒ ﺳـــﺘﺆدي ﺟﻬﻮدﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻷرض ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﺸﻤ ﺴـــــﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳــــﺎت واﻹﻟﻜﱰ وﻧﻴــــﺎت ﻻﺳـ ﻴﻌﺎب ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒـﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﺸـﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣـﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ أن ﻧـﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺜـﲑ ــــ ﻣــﻦ اﻷﺟﻬــﺰة ﻣﺮوﺣﻴــﺔ اﻧﺠــﻮﻳﻨﱵ ﲟــﺎ ذﻟـــــﻚ أﺟﻬـــــﺰة اﻻﺗﺼـــــﺎﻻت واﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳـــــ ﺎت واﻟﻜـــﺎﻣﲑات وأﺟﻬـــﺰة اﻻﺳ ﺸـــﻌﺎر ﻓﻬـــﻲ ﺟـﺎﻫﺰة ﲤﺎﻣًــﺎ وﻣﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﻟﻠ ﴩــاء ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ أي ﺷـــﺨﺺ ﻋـــﱪ اﻹﻧﱰﻧـــﺖ رﲟـــ ، ﺎ ﺑـــﺪت ﻫـــﺬه ا ﳌﺮوﺣﻴﺔ واﳌﻬﻤـﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻋـﺎم ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﴚـء ﻣـﻊ اﳌﻌـﺪات اﻟـﱵ ﺗﺰﻳـﺪ ﻋـﻦ ﺟﻴـﻞ أو ﺟﻴﻠــﲔ ﻓﻘــﻂ . اﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ٢٩ ﳐﻄــﻂ ﻟﻬــﺎ ﻋــﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌ ﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ واﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻘﺲ وﻟﻜﻦ رﲟـﺎ ﺳـﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﺮﺻـﺔ ﻃـﲑان أﺧــﺮى ﻗﺮﻳﺒًــﺎ ﻗﺒــﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﻈــﺎ ر اﻟﻄﻮﻳــﻞ ﻟﺮﺑﻴــﻊ اﳌـــﺮﻳﺦ اﻟﺸـــﻤﺎﱄ ﻋﻨـــﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜـــﻮن اﻟﻈـــﺮوف ﻣﻨﺎﺳـــﺒ ﺔ ﻣـــﺮة أﺧـــﺮ ى ﳌﺮوﺣﻴـــﺔ اﻧﺠـــﻮﻳﻨﱵ ﻟﻺﺣﻤــــﺎء واﻻﺳــــ ﻴﻘﺎظ . ﻷوﻟﺌــــﻚ اﻟـــــﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﺤﺜــــﻮن ﻋــــﻦ أﺣــــﺪث اﳌ ﻌﻠﻮﻣــــﺎت ﳝﻜــــﻦ اﻻﺳـــــﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣـــــﻦ ﻣﻮﻗـــــﻊ وﻛﺎﻟـــــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـــــﺎ mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicop ter ( اﻟــﺬي ﻳﻘــﺪم اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎت ﺣــﻮل أﻧﺸــﻄﺔ اﻧﺠﻮ ﻣﺮوﺣﻴﺔ ﻳ ﻴ ﱵ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺤـﺪث ﻋـﺎﱂ أﻗـﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﳏًﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﳌﻨ .ﺎ  ﻗﺎﻣﺖﻣﺮوﺣ ﺔ اﻧﺠﻮ ـﺮو ﻓـﻲاﻟﻤـﺮ ﺦ ﻨـﺎءً ﻋﻠـﻰﻃﻠـﺐ ا ﻣﺆﺧﺮًا ﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺎﻟﻘﺮ ﻣـﻦ دﻟﺘـﺎ اﻟﻨﻬـﺮاﻟﻘﺪ ﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻲﻓﻮﻫـﺔﺟ ﻨ ﻟﻔﺮ ـﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠـﻮل ﺑ ﺳﻔ اﻧﺲ ، اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺘﻬﺎ اﻧﺠﻮ ﻋﻠﻰاﻟ ﺴﺎرﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟ ﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟ ﻓﻲ ﻨ ٢٣ أ ﺑﺮ ﻞ ٢٠٢٢ ، ﺧﻼل رﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺴـﺎ ﻌﺔ واﻟﻌﺸـﺮ ﻦ . ﺴـﻤﻲاﻟﻔﺮ ـﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ اﻷوﺳـﻂ ﻟﻠﺼـﻮرة اﻟﺮ ﺴـ ﺔ ﺧﻂاﻟﻨﺘﻮءات اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰاﻟ ﺴﺎرإﻟﻰاﻟ ﻤ "Fortun Ridge" ﻟﻘﻄـﺔ ﻣﻘﺮ ّـﺔ ﻷﺣـﺪ اﻟﻨﺘـﻮءات ﻣﻜـ إﻟـﻰاﻟ ﻤـ اﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺔ ﻂاﻟﻘﻤﻢ [NASA/JPL-Caltech] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022 ١٣