Free Astronomy Magazine July-August 2022 ARABIC VERSION

future missions the same problems. Ingenuity has had its share of issues throughout the (so far) 425 sol mis- sion, and we are fortunate that NASA is such a transparent organi- respect to Earth. Flight 17 included a loss of communication between Percy and Ginny, ascribed to fea- tures on the Martian terrain that blocked signals (for which the limits ment, and greater considera- tion of surface features af- fecting line-of-sight very likely were part of flight analysis). Flight 28 was, perhaps, the most disconcerting of the se- ries, with days of lost commu- nications to Percy, a dead inclinometer (a sensor com- posed of two accelerometers that determine, simply, which way is down in order to de- termine copter orientation), and Martian northern winter looming. Despite these issues, Flight 29 occurred successfully on June 11 th and we now await word on any additional flights to be taken. Whether it awakens from, or suc- cumbs to, the upcoming Martian winter, Ingenuity has already ex- ceeded expectations and marks the zation as to make the public aware of things breaking and being fixed. The first attempts at flights 4 and 7 failed due to reported soft- ware issues, during which the phrase “watchdog timer” (a simple software check of system and condi- tion status) became one all Mars enthusi- asts learned the mean- ing of. The time around September 18, 2021 (between suc- cessful flights 13 and 14) saw a test of in- creased rotor speed to obtain more lift in the colder and thinning atmosphere, but was canceled due to a servo motor issue. Res- olution was delayed due to solar conjunc- tion, when Mars was behind the Sun with of the antennas, the value of shorter distances between equip- beginning of a great new chapter in planetary exploration. Plans for fu- V navigation ideo from the camera aboard NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter shows its record- breaking 25 th flight on April 8, 2022. Covering 2,310 feet (704 meters) at a maxi- mum speed of 12 mph (5.5 meters per second), it was the rotor- craft’s longest and fastest flight to date. [NASA/JPL- Caltech] ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠ وﺣﻴـﺔ اﻧﺠـﻮ ﻳ ﻨ ﱵ ﻧﺼـ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﳌ ﺸـﻜﻼت ﻃـﻮال ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ٤٢٥ ) ﺣـﱴ اﻵن ( ، وﻧﺤــــﻦ ﳏﻈﻮﻇــــﻮن ﻷن وﻛﺎﻟــــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـــﺎ ﻫـــﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـــﺔ ﺷـــﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺠﻌـــﻞ اﳉﻤﻬـــﻮر ﻋـــﲆ دراﻳـــﺔ ﺑﺎﻷ ﺷـــﻴﺎء اﻟـــﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻄـــــﻞ وﻳـــــﺘﻢ إﺻـــــﻼﺣﻬ . ﺎ ﻓﺸـــــﻠﺖ اﳌﺤـــﺎوﻻت اﻷوﱃ ﻟﻠـــﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌـــﺔ و اﻟﺴـــﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺴـــ ﺐ ﻣﺸـــﻜﻼت ﺑﺮﳎﻴــــﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ أﺻــﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﺒــﺎرة " ﻣﺮاﻗـﺐ ﻣﺆﻗــﺖ " ) ﻓﺤــﺺ ﺑﺮﳎـــﻲ ﺑﺴــﻴﻂ ﳊﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﻨﻈـــﺎم واﻟﻈـﺮوف ( ﺿـﻤﻦ ﻋﺒـﺎرات ﺗﺘـﺪاول ﺑــﲔ ﺟﻤﻴــــﻊ اﳌﺘﺤﻤ ﺴــــﲔ ﻟﻠ ﻳــــﺦ اﻟــــﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻤـﻮا ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫـﺎ وﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ . ﺷــﻬﺪ اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ ﺣــﻮاﱄ ١٨ ﺳــ ﺘﻤﱪ ٢٠٢١ ) ﺑــﲔ اﻟــﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤــﺔ ١٣ و ١٤ ( اﺧﺘﺒــﺎرًا ﻟﴪــﻋﺔ اﻟـﺪواران ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮل ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺮﻓـﻊ اﻟﻐﻼف اﳉﻮي اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ واﻷﻛﱶ ﺑﺮودة وﻟﻜـﻦ ﰎ إﻟﻐــــﺎؤه ﺑﺴــــ ﺐ ﻣﺸــــﻜﻠﻪ ﺗﺘﻌﻠــــﻖ ﺑــــﺄداء اﳌﺤـــﺮك وﻗـــﺪ ﺗـــﺄﺧﺮ اﻟﻘـــﺮار ﺑﺴـــ ﺐ اﻻﻗـــﱰان اﻟ ﺸﻤﴘــ ﻋﻨـــﺪﻣﺎ ﻛــﺎن اﳌــﺮﻳﺦ ﺧﻠــﻒ اﻟﺸــﻤﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﻟــﻸر و ،ض ﺗﻀــﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ١٧ ﻓﻘــﺪان اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﲔ اﳌﺘﺠﻮل واﳌﺮوﺣﻴﺔ وﻳﻌﺰى ذﻟـﻚ إﱃ ﺳـــﻤﺎت ﻋـــﲆ ﺗﻀـــﺎرﻳﺲ اﳌـــﺮﻳﺦ اﻟـــﱵ ﻣﻨﻌـــﺖ اﻹﺷـــﺎرات ﻓﺎﳌﺴـــﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـــﲔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴـــﺎت و اﳌﻌـــﺪات وﺧﺼــﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺴـــﻄﺢ ﻗــﺪ ﺗﻜــﻮن أﺛــﺮت ﻋــﲆ ﺧــﻂ اﻟﺮؤﻳــ )ﺔ اﻋﺘــﱪت ﻛﺠــﺰء ﻣــﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴــﻞ اﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ .( رﲟــﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـــﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠـــﺔ ٢٨ ﻫـــﻲ اﻷﻛـــﱶ إﺛـــﺎرة ﻟﻠﻘﻠـــﻖ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺴ ﺐ أﻳﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﳌﻔﻘﻮدة ﻣـﻊ اﳌﺘﺠـــﻮل ﺑﺮﺳــﻔﲑاﻧﺲ وﺗﻌﻄــﻞ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎس اﳌ ) ﻴـﻞ ﺟﻬـﺎز اﺳ ﺸـﻌﺎر ﻣ ﻜـﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳـﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴــﺎرع ﻳﺤﺪدان ﺑﺒﺴـﺎﻃﺔ أي ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣـ ﻦ أﺟــﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴــﻪ اﳌﺮوﺣﻴــﺔ ( ء وﺷــﺘﺎ اﳌـﺮﻳﺦ اﻟﺸـﻤﺎﱄ ﻳﻠــﻮح اﻷﻓــﻖ ﻋـﲆ اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﳌﺸـﻜﻼت ﺣــﺪﺛﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ٢٩ ﺑﻨﺠــﺎح ١١ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ وﻧﻨﺘﻈﺮ اﻵن أﺧﺒـﺎرًا ﻋـﻦ أي رﺣﻼت ﻳﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ . ﺳـﻮاء اﺳــــــــ ﻴﻘﻈﺖ أ و اﺳ ﺴــــــــﻠﻤﺖ ﻟﺸــــﺘﺎء اﳌــــﺮﻳﺦ اﻟﻘـــــﺎدم ﻓﻘــــﺪ ﺗﺠــــﺎوزت اﳌﺮوﺣﻴـــﺔ اﻧﺠـــﻮ ﻨ ﱵﻳ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌــﺎت و ﲤ ﺜــﻞ ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ ﻓ ﺼﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ راﺋﻊ اﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎف ا ﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ وﻫﻨـﺎك ﺧﻄـﻂ ﻟ ﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﻣﺴـــﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ إﱃ ﻛﻮﻛـــﺐ اﳌـــﺮﻳﺦ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻋﲆ ﻗـﺪم وﺳـﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ . ــ ًــــﺎ ﺣـــﻮل اﻟ ﻮﻛــــﺐ اﻷ ﻤــــﺮﺷـــ ﻜﺔ ـــﺎتﻓﻀـــﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺗـــﺪورﺣﺎﻟ ﺗﺸـــ ﻞ ﻤــــﺲﻣﺮﻛ ﺗﺮﺣﻴــــﻞ ﻟﻨﻘـــﻞ اﻷواﻣــــﺮﻣـــﻦ اﻷرضإﻟــــﻰاﻟ ﻌﺜــــﺎت ـــﺔﻣﻨﻬـــﺎ اﻟﺴـــﻄﺤ ﺔ واﺳــــﺘﻼم اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧــــﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ، ــــﺎت ﺗﻠــــﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﻣــــﻦ أﻋﻠـــﻰاﻟ ﺴــــﺎر : ــــ ﻣــــﺎرسر ﻮﻧ ﺴــــﺎﻧﺲأور ) MRO ( اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌـــ ﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟـــﺔ ﻧﺎﺳــــﺎ ، ـــﻮي ﻟﻠﻤـــﺮ ﺦ ـــﺔ دراﺳـــﺔ اﻟﻐــــﻼف ا ﻣﺮﻛ ، ( ﻣــــﺎﻓﻦ ) و ﻣـــﺎرساود ﺴـــﻲ ، ـــﺔ ﻣـــﺎرساﻛﺴــــ ﺲ وﻣﺮﻛ و ﺗﺮسﻏﺎزاور ) (TGO اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ [NASA/JPL-Caltech, ESA] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ – أﻏﺴﻄﺲ 2022 ــــﺪﻳﻮ ـــﺎﻣ ا ﻓ ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺣــــــــــﺔ ﻋﻠــــــــــﻰ ﻣــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــﺔ اﻧﺠــــــــــــــــــــﻮﻧ ﻣﺮوﺣ اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌـــــــﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﺳـــــــﺎ ﻈﻬــــــــﺮ ﻇﻠﻬــــــــــــﺎ ﻋﻠــــــــــــﻰﺳـــــــــــــﻄﺢ اﻟ ﻮﻛــــﺐ وﻗـــــﺪ ﺣﻄﻤـــــﺖ اﻟــــــــــــــــــــــﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳــــــــــــــــــــــﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴــــــــﻖ ﻓــــــــﻲ ٨ أﺑﺮ ــــــــﻞ ٢٠٢٢ . ﻗﻄﻌـــــﺖﻣﺴـــــﺎﻓﺔ ٢٣١٠ ﺴــــــــﺮﻋﺔ ﻗﺼـــــــــﻮى ﺗ ﻠـــــــــــــﻎ ٥.٥ ﻣـــــــــــــ ًا ﻓـــــــــــــﻲ ـــــــﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧ و ﺎﻧـــــــﺖ أﻃـــــــﻮل اﻵن وأﺳﺮع رﺣﻠﺔﺣ . ١٢ [NASA/JPLCaltech]