Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2024 ARABIC VERSION

Understanding how this bi- nary formed can help pre- dict if and when it will merge — and a handful of cluespointtothepairform - ing via multiple galaxy mergers. The first is that B2 0402+379 is a ‘fossilcluster,’meaningitisthere- sult of an entire galaxy cluster’s worthofstarsandgasmerginginto onesinglemassivegalaxy.Addition- ally,thepresenceoftwosupermas- siveblackholes,coupledwiththeir largecombinedmass,suggeststhey resultedfromtheamalgamationof multiple smaller black holes from multiple galaxies. Followingagalacticmerger,super- massive black holes don’t collide head-on. Instead they begin sling- shottingpasteachotherastheyset- tle into a bound orbit. With each pass they make, energy is trans- ferred from the black holes to the surrounding stars. As they lose en- ergy, the pair is dragged down closerandcloseruntiltheyarejust light-years apart, where gravita- tionalradiationtakesoverandthey merge. This process has been di- rectly observed in pairs of stellar- mass black holes — the first ever recordedinstancebeingin2015via the detection of gravitational waves — but never in a binary of the supermassive variety. With new knowledge of the sys- tem’s extremely large mass, the teamconcludedthatanexception- ally large number of stars would have been needed to slow the bi- nary’s orbit enough to bring them thisclose.Intheprocess,theblack holesseemtohaveflungoutnearly all the matter in their vicinity, leav- ing the core of the galaxy starved ofstarsandgas.Withnomorema- terial available to further slow the pair’s orbit, their merger has stalled in its final stages. “Normally it seems that galaxies with lighter black hole pairs have enough stars and mass to drive the two together quickly,” said Ro- mani. “Since this pair is so heavy it required lots of stars and gas to get the job done. But the binary has scoured the central galaxy of such matter, leaving it stalled and acces- sible for our study.” Whetherthepairwillovercome their stagnation and eventually merge on timescales of millions of years, or continue in orbital limbo forever, is yet to be determined. If they do merge, the resulting gravi- tational waves would be a hundred million times more powerful than those produced by stellar-massblack hole mergers. It’s possible the pair could conquer that final dis- tance via another galaxy merger, which would inject the system with additional material, or potentially a third black hole, to slow the pair’s orbit enough to merge. However, given B2 0402+379’s status as a fos- sil cluster, another galactic mergeris unlikely. “We’re looking forward to follow-up investigations of B2 0402+379’s core where we’ll look at how much gasispresent,” saysTirthSurti,Stan- ford undergraduate and the lead author on the paper. “This should give us more insight into whetherthe supermassive black holes can eventually merge or if they will stay strandedasabinary.”     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 36 ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧﺎت اﻷ ﻧﻮر رﺷ ﻔ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبﺟ ﻤ ﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻣﺨﺘ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ، اﻟﺬ ﻗﺎم ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟ ﻤ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨ ﺔ ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻹﻃـﻼق ﻘ ﺎس أﺛﻘﻞ زوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟ . ﺴﻠﻂﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف [ImagesandVideos:NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/J.daSilva/M.Zamani, ESA/Hubble(M.Korn-messer),N.Bartmann.Music:zeroproject-TheLowerDungeons (zero-project.gr) ] ا ﻀ ــﻴﻔﺔ ﻟ ــﻪ ﻟـﻜ ــﻨﻪ ﻳ ــﺪﻋﻢ اﻟــﻨـﻈﺮﻳـﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑـﺄن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻬﺎﺋـﻞ ﺗﻠﻌــﺐ اً دور رﺋﻴﺴــﻴ ﺎً ﰲ ﺗﻌﻄﻴــﻞ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج ا . ﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻳﻘﻮل ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨــﻲ اﻟــﺪوﱄ " : إن أرﺷﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺬي ﻳﺨﺪم ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟﺒﻴﻤﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﱄ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣـﻨﺠﻢ ذﻫﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻏ ا ﺴــــﺘﻐﻠﺔ ." " إن اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳــــﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴ ـﺔ ﻟﻬ ـﺬا اﻟﺜﻘ ـﺐ اﻷﺳ ـﻮد اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣ ﺬﻫﻞ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘــﺄﺛ ا ﺤﺘﻤــﻞ ﻣــﻦ اﻷﺑﺤــﺎث اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ـﺪة اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻜﺸ ـﻒ ﻫــﺬا اﻷرﺷﻴﻒ اﻟﻐﻨﻲ ". إن ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻨﺒـﺆ ﺑﻤـﺎ إذا ﻛـﺎن ﺳـﻴﻨﺪﻣﺞ وﻣﺘــﻰ ﺳــﻴﻨﺪﻣﺞ، ـﻴﻨﺪ ﺞ وﻣﺘ ـﻰ ﺳــﻴﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﻛ ـ وﺗﺸــ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷدﻟﺔ إﱃ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻋـﱪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﺮات ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة . اﻷول ﻫﻮ أن B2 0402 + 379 "ﻫـﻮ ﻋﻨﻘـﻮد أﺣﻔـﻮري " وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ أﻧـﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻻﻧـﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﻐـﺎز ﰲ ﻣﺠـﺮة واﺣـﺪة ﺿﺨﻤﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ذﻟـﻚ ﻓـﺈن وﺟـﻮد ﺛﻘﺒـ أﺳﻮدﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﺋﻠ ﻣﻘﱰﻧ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﻤـﺎ اﻟﻜﺒـ ة ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ، ﻳ ﺸ إﱃ أﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﺠـﺎ ﻋـﻦ اﻧـﺪﻣﺎج ﻋﺪة ﺛﻘﻮب ﺳﻮداء أﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠـﺮات . ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻻﻧـﺪﻣﺎج ا ﺠـﺮي ﻻ ﺗﺘﺼـﺎدم اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ وﺟﻬًـﺎ ﻟﻮﺟـﻪ وﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺒـﺪأ ﰲ ﻗـﺬف اﻷﺧـﺮى ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻘ ﰲ ﻣﺪار ﻣﺤﺪد وﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮه ﺗﻘـﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء إﱃ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ . ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻘﺪان ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺳﻮى ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺳﻨﻮات ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴـﻴﻄﺮ إﺷـﻌﺎع اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ و ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ا ﻄﺎف ﻳﻨﺪﻣﺠﺎن وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ﰲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ذات اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ وﻛﺎﻧـﺖ أول ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺴـﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 2015 ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻟـﻢ ًﻳﺘﻢ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ أﺑﺪ ا ﰲ ﺛﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨـﻮع ﻓـﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ وﻣﻊ ا ﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﺑ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أ ﻧﻪ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒ ﺟﺪ اً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻹﺑﻄﺎء ﻣﺪار اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋ ﻲ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻪ إﱃ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤـﺪ وﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ـﺔ ﻳﺒ ـﺪو أن اﻟﺜﻘ ـﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻗـ ﺪ ﻗـﺬﻓﺖ ﻛـﻞ ا ـﺎدة ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ ﺟﻮارﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﺎُ ﺗﺎرﻛﺔ ﻗﻠﺐ ا ﺠﺮة ﻣﺤﺮوﻣ ﻣﻦ ﺎً اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﻐﺎز وﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻮاد ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة إﺑﻄﺎء ﻣﺪار اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻧـﺪﻣﺎﺟﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ . ﻗﺎل روﻣﺎﻧﻲ " : ﻳﺒﺪو أن ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎت ﻋﲆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻷﺧﻒ وزﻧ ﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻟـﺪﻓﻊ اﻻﺛﻨ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ اً ﻧﻈﺮ "." ﻷن ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﺟﺪ اً ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﻐﺎز ﻹﻧﺠﺎز ا ﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻈﻒ ا ﺠﺮة ا ﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣ ـ ﺬه اﻟ ـ ﺜﻞ ﻫـ ﻤﺎدة ﺗﺎرﻛ إﻳﺎﻫ ﺎً ﺎ ـ ﻣ ﻌﻄﻠﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳـ . ﻬﺎﺘ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺤﺪد ﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛـﺎن اﻟﺜﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺳـﻴﺘﻐﻠﺒﺎن ﻋـﲆ رﻛﻮدﻫﻤﺎ وﻳﻨﺪﻣﺠﺎن ﰲ اﻟ ﻨﻬﺎﻳـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻓـﱰات زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻼﻳ اﻟﺴـﻨ أو ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻤﺮان ﰲ وﺿﻌﻬﻤﺎ ا ﺪاري إﱃ اﻷﺑـﺪ وإذا اﻧـﺪﻣﺠﺎ ﻓـﺈن ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠـﺔ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮن أﻗـﻮى ﺎﺑﻤ ﺋﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ذا ت اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻗـﺪ . ﻳﺘﻐﻠﺐ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻠـ ﻚ ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﻋـﱪ اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﺮﺗ آﺧﺮ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ ﺷـﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﻀﺦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﰲ ﻣﻮاد إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ أو رﺑﻤـﺎ ﺛﻘـﺐ أﺳﻮد ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻹﺑﻄﺎء ﻣﺪار اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎج وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ B2 0402 + 379 ﻛﻌﻨﻘـﻮد أﺣﻔﻮري ﻻﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺣﺪوث اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻣﺠﺮي آﺧﺮ . ﻳﻘﻮل ﺗ ث ﺳﻮرﺗﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺟـﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد وا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴـ ـ ﴘ ﻟﻬـﺬه اﻟﻮرﻗـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ :" ﻧﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ B2 0402 + 379 ﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ أم ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛ ."ﻲﻨﺎﺋ - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 4