Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2024 ARABIC VERSION

pherOnken,anastronomeratANU. He added that this object showed upinimagesfromtheESOSchmidt SouthernSkySurveydatingbackto 1980,butitwasnotrecognisedasa quasar until decades later. Finding quasars requires precise ob- servational data from large areas of thesky.Theresultingdatasetsareso large, researchers often use ma- chine-learning models to analyse them and tell quasars apart from other celestial objects. However, these models are trained on existing data, which limits the potential can- didates to objects similar to those already known. If a new quasar is more luminous than any other pre- viously observed, the programme mightrejectitandclassifyitinstead as a star not too distant from Earth. An automated analysis of data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia satellite passed over J0529-4351 for being too bright to be a quasar, sug- gestingittobeastarinstead.The researchers identified it as a distant quasar last year using observations from the ANU 2.3-metre telescope at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. Discovering that it was the most luminous quasar ever ob- served, however, required a larger telescopeandmeasurementsfroma more precise instrument. The X- shooter spectrograph on ESO’s VLT intheChileanAtacamaDesertpro- vided the crucial data. Thefastest-growingblackholeever observedwillalsobeaperfecttar- get for the GRAVITY+ upgrade on ESO’sVLTInterferometer(VLTI), whichisdesignedtoaccurately measure the mass of black holes, in- cluding those far away from Earth. Additionally,ESO’sExtremelyLarge Telescope(ELT),a39-metretele- scopeunderconstructioninthe ChileanAtacamaDesert,willmake identifying and characterising such elusiveobjectsevenmorefeasible. Findingandstudyingdistantsuper- massiveblackholescouldshedlight on some of the mysteries of the early Universe, including how they and their host galaxies formed and evolved.Butthat’snottheonlyrea- son why Wolf searches for them. “Personally,Isimplylikethechase,” hesays. “Forafewminutesaday,I gettofeellikeachildagain,playing treasure hunt, and now I bring everything to the table that I have learnedsince.”     ﺗ ﻈﻬـــﺮ ﻫـــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة ﻣﻨﻄﻘـــﺔ اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء اﻟـــ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻮازار J0529-4351 ﺣﻄـﻢ اﻟﺬ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﻲ و ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻠﺴـ ﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ اً ﺟــــﺪ اﻟﺘــــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻــــﺪ اﻷوروﺑــــﻲ اﻟــــ ـ ﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲﻓــــﻲ ـــــــــﻮازارﻫــــــــــﻮ أﻛــــــــــ ﺗﺸـــــــــ ﻠﻲوُﺟــــــــــﺪ أن ﻫــــــــــﺬا اﻟ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﺳـﻄﻮﻋﺎً اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓـ ﺔ ـﻮن ﺣـ ﻓـﻲ اﻟ اﻵن . ﺗــﻢ إﻧﺸــﺎء ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــﻮرة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺼــﻮراﻟـــ ﻤﻦﺿ ﺑﺮﺎﻣﺞ ) دﻳﺠﺘﺎﻳﺰﺳ ﺎيﺳـ ﻓ 2( ﺑ ﻨﻤـﺎ ــــﻮازار ﻓــــﻲ ُﻈﻬــــﺮاﻟﺸــــ ﻞ اﻟــــﺪاﺧﻠﻲﻣﻮﻗــــﻊ اﻟ ﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺻ ﺑﺮﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤﺔ . ﻳﻘﻮل ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ أوﻧﻜ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺳـﱰاﻟﻴ : "ﺔ ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻛﺎ ن ﻳﺤـﺪق ﰲ وﺟﻮﻫﻨـﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻴًـﺎ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵ .ن أﺿﺎف أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻇﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺻﻮر ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴ ﺢ ﺷﻤﻴﺪت ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﻌـﻮد ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬـﺎ إﱃ ﻋـﺎم 1980 وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻜـﻮازار إﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻘﻮد . ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻜـﻮازارات ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت رﺻﺪ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨ ﺎﻃﻖ واﺳـﻌﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮ ﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠـﺔ ﻛﺒ ة ﺟـﺪًا وﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻧﻤـــﺎذج اﻟــﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻵﱄ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬــﺎ، وﺗﻤﻴﻴــﺰ اﻟﻜﻮازارات ﻋﻦ اﻷﺟـﺮام اﻟﺴـﻤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻷﺧـﺮى وﻣﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺗـﺪرﻳﺐ ﻫـﺬ ه اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺮﺷـﺤ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻠ ﻷﺷـﻴﺎء ﻣﺸـﺎﺑ ﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻠـﻚ ا ﻌﺮوﻓـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ . إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻮازر اﻟ ﺠﺪﻳﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﻋ ﺎً ﻣﻦ أي ﻛﻮازار آﺧﺮ ﺗـﻢ رﺻـﺪه ﺳـﺎﺑﻘ ﺎً ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻪ اﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﺑـﺪﻻً ﻣـﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻪ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﺟﺪ ا ﻋﻦ اﻷرض . ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻵﱄ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻟـﻮاردة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ "ﻏﺎﻳﺎ " اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ J0529-4351 ﻟﻜﻮﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﻮع ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﻛﻮازارا ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ أﻧﻪ ﻧﺠﻢ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ذﻟـﻚ ﻟ . ﻘـﺪ ﺣـﺪده اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻋﲆ أﻧﻪ ﻛﻮازار ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎم ا ﺎﴈ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام أرﺻـﺎد ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ اﺳﱰاﻟﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ 2.3 اً ﻣـﱰ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﺳﻴﺪﻳﻨﻎ ﺳﱪﻳﻨﻎ ﰲ أﺳﱰاﻟﻴﺎ . وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ، ﻓـﺈن ا ﻛﺘﺸﺎف أﻧﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻜﻮازارات ﺎً ﺳﻄﻮﻋ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪه ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق ﺗﻄﻠـﺐ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑًﺎ أﻛـﱪ وﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻦ أداة أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗـﺔ . ﻗـﺪم ﻣﻄﻴـﺎف إﻛﺲ) (ﺷﻮﺗﺮ - ا ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪاً اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ا ﻬﻤـﺔ . ﺳـﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد اﻷﴎع ﻧﻤﻮًا ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق ﻫﺪﻓًﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻟﱰﻗﻴـﺔ ) ﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻠﺲ ( ﻋﲆ ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎس اﻟﺘﺪاﺧ ﻞ واﻟـﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ﻋـﻦ اﻻرض ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ 39 ﻣﱰًا ﻗﻴﺪ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﰲ ﺻﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﺳـﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺗﺤﺪﻳـﺪ وﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ ﻫـﺬه اﻷﺟﺴـﺎم اﻟ ﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎً وﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻً أﻛﺜﺮ . إن اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﲆ ﺛﻘﻮب ﺳﻮداء ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ودراﺳـﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴـﻠﻂ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻋـﲆ ﺑ ﻌـﺾ أﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﻜﻮن ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻠﻬﺎ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﻀـﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ . ﻳﻘـﻮل : " ووﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎ أﺣﺐ ا ﻄﺎردة ﻟﺒﻀﻊ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺎً ﻳﻮﻣﻴ أﺷﻌﺮ وﻛﺄﻧﻨﻲ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻣﺮة أﺧـﺮى أ ﻟﻌـﺐ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻨﺰ، واﻵن إ ﻃﺮح ﻛـﻞ ﳾء ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ." - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 4 ﻋﻠﻤـــــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـــــﻚ ــــﻮازار اﻟ اﻷﻛـــــ ﺳـــــﻄﻮﻋﺎ اﻵن ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪﻩ ﺣـ اﻟﺬ ﺴـﺘﻤﺪ ﻃ واﻟـﺬ ﺎﻗﺘـﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻷﺳﺮع ﻧﻤﻮا وﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﻘـــﺐ اﻷﺳـــ ﻮد ﻤـــﺎ ﻌـــﺎدلﺷﻤﺴـــ ﺎ واﺣـــﺪة ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﻴـﻮم . ـﺘﻢ ﺳـﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻧﺤـﻮ ﻫــﺬا ﺗﺸـ ﻞ اﻟﻤـﺎدة اﻟــ ﺳــــــﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﻘـــــﺐ اﻷﺳـــــﻮد ﻗﺮﺻًـــــﺎ ﻳ ﻠــــــﻎ ﻗﻄـــــﺮﻩ ﺣـــــ - ﺿــــﻮﺋ ﺔ أيﺣــــﻮاﻟﻲ 15000 ﺿــــﻌﻒ اﻟﻤﺴــــﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ إﻟﻰﻣﺪارﻧ ﺘﻮن .