Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2024 ARABIC VERSION

Astronomers identify the most luminous quasar ever observed byESO − BárbaraFerreira sing the European SouthernObservatory’s (ESO) VeryLargeTelescope (VLT),as- tronomershavecharacteriseda bright quasar, finding it to be notonlythebrightestofitskind,but also the most luminous object ever observed.Quasarsarethebright cores of distant galaxies and theyare powered by supermassive black holes. The black hole in this record- breaking quasar is growing in massbytheequivalentofoneSunper day,makingitthefastest-growing blackholetodate. The black holes powering quasars collect matter from their surround- ings in a process so energetic that it emits vast amounts of light. Somuch so that quasars are some ofthe brightest objects in our sky, meaning even distant ones are visi- ble from Earth. As a general rule,the most luminous quasars indicate the fastest-growing supermassive black holes. “We have discoveredthe fastest-growing black holeknown to date. It has a mass of 17 billionSuns,andeatsjustoveraSun perday.Thismakesitthemostlu- MAY-JUNE2024 U ﺠﻠﺔ ﻣ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 12 ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ وندﺤﺪﻳ اﻟ ﻮازار اﻷ ﻛ إﺷﺮاﻗ ﺎً ﻋﻠﻰاﻹﻃﻼق : ﻘﻠﻢ ﺎر ﺮا ﻓ ﺮا - اﻟﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟـﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺣﺪد ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪا م اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ـ ﺟ ـﺪًا اﻟﺘ ـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑ ـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ اً ﻛﻮازار ﺎً ﺳﺎﻃﻌ ووﺟﺪوا أﻧﻪ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ أ ﻷ ﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋـﻪ وﻟﻜﻨـﻪ أﻳﻀـ ﺎ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺟاﻷ ﺮام اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﺳﻄﻮﻋ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق . اﻟ ﻜﻮازارات ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻮى اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة وﻫـﻲ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣـﺔ ﺑﺜﻘـﻮب ﺳـﻮداء ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮازار اﻟﺬي ﺣﻄﻢ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎدل ﺷﻤﺴ ﺎً واﺣﺪة ﻳﻮﻣﻴ ﻣﻤ ﺎً ﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠـﻪ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻷﴎع ﻧﻤﻮ اً . ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰود اﻟﻜﻮازا رات ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ا ﺎدة ﻣﻦ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺸـﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟـﺔ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴـﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻀـﻮء . ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﻜ ﻮازارات ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻤﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ أﻧـﻪ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض . ﻛﻘﺎﻋـﺪة ﻋﺎﻣـﺔ ﺗﺸـ اﻟﻜـﻮازرات اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺎً ﺳﻄﻮﻋ إﱃ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻓﺎﺋﻘـﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ اﻷﴎع ﻧﻤﻮ . "ا ﻟﻘﺪ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻨﺎ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻷﴎع ﻧﻤﻮًا ا ﻌﺮوف ﺣﺘ ﻰ اﻵن ﺗﺒﻠـﻎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ 17 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺷﻤﺲ وﻳ ﺄﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺷﻤﺲ واﺣﺪة .ﺎً ﻳﻮﻣﻴ - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2 0 2 4