Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2023 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE 2023 say, the ravine at Cabrerolles is from the quaternary age, and this tells us that the crater is, astronomically, a recent formation; it should not be older than 10,000 years.” Here the author provides a first esti- mate of the age of Le Clot, reiterat- ing that the crater is superimposed on a large moat dating back to the Quaternary. Considering that this geological period began two and a half million years ago, the dating could appear very approximate, were it not for the fact that the to- pography of the craters in Hérault and the area surrounding them sug- gest a very recent age. It should be noted that although the structure of Le Clot resembles that of Hyginus, the latter is of volcanic origin. Luplau Janssen does not elaborate on the question of the magnetic anomalies highlighted by Gèze and Cailleux. He limits himself to stating that: “It is not easy to evaluate the significance of the strong magnetic anomalies observed. It may be that some iron mass is hidden below the ground. The high magnetic declina- tion is limited to the crater and its immediate surroundings, and this might give us some hints in this di- rection. I have not the least doubt that we are here dealing with a me- teor crater.” In the concluding part of his article, the Danish astronomer states that: “As the ages of the two craters men- tioned here seem to be of the same order, it is reasonable to ascribe them to fragments from one single meteorite. If this is right, we may also think that the other and less im- portant craters in the region are also meteoric and produced on the same occasion. Further examination of these remarkable formations will surely lead to interesting results. The craters are well preserved in spite of the intensive cultivation of the soil. Nobody in the region had the least suspicion of the origin of these holes, and everyone was very astonished to learn that ‘Le Clot’ was a marvel of nature.” In the years that followed, the idea that in Cabrerolles there was a vine- yard inside an impact crater took hold more and more, until, in Febru- ary 1964, the spotlights were turned on again on Le Clot, following the publication in Meteoritics of an arti- cle entitled “A re-examination of the craters in the Faugères-Cabrerolles region of southern France.” The author, Carlyle Smith Beals (as- tronomer at the Dominion Observa- tory in Ottawa, Canada) contested the conclusions of the previous works, stating that the nature of the magnetic anomalies and the height of the crater rim (decidedly lower than the 15 meters foreseen by the theory), together with other pecu- liar characteristics, were not suffi- cient to decree its meteoritic origin. Two ye,ars before the publication ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳ ـﺔ ﻛ ـﺎﺑﺮﻳﺮﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌ ـﻮد إﱃ اﻟﻌﺼ ـ ﺮـ اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ وﻫﺬا ﻳﺨﱪﻧﺎ أن اﻟ ﻔﻮﻫﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻼً ﺣـﺪﻳﺜًﺎ ؛ ﻳﺠـﺐ أﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ١٠,٠٠٠ .ﻋﺎم ﻳﻘﺪم ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮًا أوﻟﻴًﺎ ﻟﻌﻤـﺮ ﻟﻔﻮﻫـﺔ " ﻟﻮﻛﻠـﻮت " ﻣﻜﺮرًا أن اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ ﻣﱰاﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺧﻨـﺪق ﻛﺒـ ﻳﻌﻮد ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ اﱃ اﻟﻌﴫ اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ . ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﱰة اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻲ وﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺎم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺒﺪو اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴًﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻻ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻔﻮﻫـﺔ ﰲ ﻫ وﻟﺖ وا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﻬـﺎ ﺗﺸـ إﱃ ﻋﴫﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺟﺪًا . ﺗﺠﺪر اﻹﺷﺎرة إﱃ أﻧﻪ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻛﻠﻮت " ﻓﻮﻫﺔ " ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ اﺧﺪود ﻫﻴﺠﻴـﻮس إﻻ أن اﻷﺧـ ﻣـﻦ أﺻـﻞ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ . ﺮحـ ﻻ ﻳﺸ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻮﺑﻠـﻮ ﻳﺎﻧﺴـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ أﺑﺮزﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﺎ ﺎن و ﺟﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻳﻠﻮ ﻟﻘﺪ اﻗﺘﴫ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻘﻮل " : ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣ ـﻦ اﻟﺴـﻬﻞ ﺗﻘﻴ ـﻴﻢ أﻫﻤﻴ ـﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓ ـﺎت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﻈﺖ . ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﻜﺘـﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳـﺔ ﻣﺨﺒـﺄة ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻷرض ان . اﻻﻧﺤـﺮاف ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃــ ﻴﴘ ـ اﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻳﻘــﺘﴫ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻔﻮﻫـﺔ وﻣ ﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎ ا ﺒﺎﴍ وﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺤـﺎت ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎه . ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪي أدﻧﻰ ﺷﻚ ﰲ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﻧﻴﺰﻛ . ﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻗﺎل ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻟـﺪﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ " : ﻧﻈـﺮًا ﻷن أﻋﻤﺎر اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺘ ا ﺬﻛﻮرﺗ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺒـﺪو ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﱰﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﻤﻦ ا ﻨﻄﻘﻲ أن ﻧﻌﺰوﻫـﺎ إﱃ أﺟﺰا ء ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺰك واﺣﺪ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا ﺻـﺤﻴﺤًﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻳﻀًﺎ أن اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى واﻷﻗـﻞ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻧﻴﺰﻛﻴﺔ وﺗﻨﺘﺠ ﺖ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ و ﻣﻦ ا ﺆﻛﺪ أن ﻣﺰﻳـﺪًا ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼت اﻟﺮاﺋﻌـﺔ ﺳـﻴﺆدي إﱃ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم . ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤﻔـﺮ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺟﻴـﺪ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ا ﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﺑﺔ . ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪى أي ﺷـﺨﺺ ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ أدﻧـﻰ ﺷﻚ ﰲ أﺻﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻮﻫـﺎت وﻗـﺪ اﻧـﺪﻫﺶ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻤـﻮا أن " ﻛﻠـﻮت " ﻓﻮﻫـﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ أﻋﺎﺟﻴﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ." ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﺎدت ﻓ ﻜـﺮة وﺟﻮد ﻣﺰرﻋـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺐ ﰲ ﻗﺮﻳـﺔ ﻛـﺎﺑﺮﻳﺮﻟﻴﺲ داﺧﻞ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ اﺻـﻄﺪام أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻓـﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻓﱪاﻳﺮ ١٩٦٤ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻷﺿﻮاء ﻣـﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻋﲆ ﻓﻮﻫـﺔ ﻟﻮ " " ﻛﻠـﻮت ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻧﺸـ ﺮ ـ ﻣﻘﺎل ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Meteoritics ﻳﻘﱰح " إﻋـﺎدة ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺎت ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻓـﻮﺟ ﻳﺲ و ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻳﺮﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ". اﻋﱰض ا ﺆﻟﻒ ﻛﺎرﻻﻳﻞ ﺳـ ﻤﻴﺚ ﺑﻴﻠـﺰ ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ دوﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮن ﰲ أوﺗـﺎوا ﺑ ﻜﻨـﺪا ﻋﲆ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺸ ًا إﱃ أن ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓــﺎت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ا ﺮﺻﻮدة وارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ اﻷ ) ﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ١٥ ﻣﱰًا اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣـﺪدﺗﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ( إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴـﺪ أﺻﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻴﺰﻛﻲ . ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﻣ ﻣﻦ ﻧ ا ﴩـ ﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺎرك ﺑﻴﻠـﺰ ﰲ إﻧﺸﺎء أول ﻓﻬﺮس ٩ - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2023 ــﺎسﺷــﺪة اﻟﻤﺠــﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴــﻲداﺧــﻞ ﻗ وﺣـــﻮل اﻟــــﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻨ ﻛـــﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻫـــﺔ ﻣﺼــــﺤﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺘﻐ ات اﻟﻴﻮﻣ ﺔ . اﻻﻧﺨﻔــــــﺎض ﻟﻮاﺿــــــﺢ ﻧﺤــــــﻮ أرﺿــــــ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﻫــــــﺔ . واﺿــﺢ ــﻞ ــﺔ ــﻢ اﻟﺮﻣــﻮزﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ ﻌﻜــﺲﺣ ــــﺎس . ﻗ ــــﺔ ﺗﻌﻜــــﺲ اﻟﺮﻣــــﻮز اﻷﺻــــﻐﺮﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ . أﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻠــﺪة ﻛــﺎﺑﺮﻳﺮﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌــﻮد إﱃ اﻟﻌﺼــ ﺮـ اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ وﻫﺬا ﻳﺨﱪﻧﺎ أن اﻟ ﻔﻮﻫﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺣﺪﻳﺜًﺎ ؛ ﻳﺠـﺐ أﻻ ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز ﻋﻤﺮﻫـﺎ ١٠,٠٠٠ . ﻋـﺎم ﻳﻘـﺪم ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮًا أوﻟﻴًﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﻠﻮت ) ( ﻣﻜـﺮرًا أن اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ ﻣﱰاﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺧﻨـﺪق ﻛﺒـ ﻳﻌـﻮد ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ اﱃ اﻟﻌﴫ اﻟﺮﺑـﺎﻋﻲ . ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﱰة اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻨـﺬ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮﻧﻲ وﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺎم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺒﺪو اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴًﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻻ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻔﻮﻫـﺔ ﰲ ﻫ وﻟﺖ وا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ا ﺤﻴﻄـﺔ ﺑﻬـﺎ ﺗﺸـ إﱃ ﻋﴫﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺟﺪًا . ﺗﺠﺪر اﻹﺷﺎرة إﱃ أﻧﻪ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻛﻠﻮت " ﻓﻮﻫﺔ " ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ اﺧﺪود ﻫﻴﺠﻴـﻮس إﻻ أن اﻷﺧـ ﻣـﻦ أﺻـﻞ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ . ﺮحـ ﻻ ﻳﺸ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻮﺑﻠـﻮ ﻳﺎﻧﺴـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺑﺮزﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﺎ ﺎن ٩ ــﺎسﺷــﺪة اﻟﻤﺠــﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴــﻲداﺧــﻞ ﻗ وﺣـــﻮل اﻟــــﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻨ ﻛـــﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻫـــﺔ ﻣﺼــــﺤﺤﺔ ـــﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـــﻞ اﻟﺘﻐـــ ات اﻟﻴﻮﻣ . اﻻﻧﺨﻔـــﺎض ﻧﺤــــﻮ أرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ واﺿﺢ ـﻢ اﻟﺮﻣـﻮز ﻌﻜﺲﺣ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ ﺔ ﻞ ﻗ ﺎس ﺗﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ ﺔ أﻗﻞ ] . F.E. Brenker et al [.