Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2023 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE 2023 This preliminary estimate largely came from measurements of the su- pernova remnant’s size. But, a 2006 study found that the large size was due instead to an extremely high ex- pansion velocity. The new estimate is much more in line with a compar- atively youthful age of about 2000 years, which strengthened the link between RCW 86 and the guest star observed centuries ago. While a more accurate age estimate brought astronomers one step closer to understanding this unique stellar feature, one mystery still remained. How did RCW 86 expand so fast? The answer was uncovered when X- of all and no doubt SN 185 would have awed observers while it shone brightly in the night sky. Astronomers now have a more com- plete picture of how RCW 86 formed. As the white dwarf of the binary system swallowed the mate- rial of its companion star, its high-ve- locity winds pushed the surrounding gas and dust outward, creating the cavity we observe today. Then, when the white dwarf could not support any more mass falling onto it from the companion star, it exploded in a violent eruption. The previously formed cavity gave ample room for the high-velocity stellar remnants to expand very quickly and to create amazing wide-field vision enabled astronomers to create this rare view of the entire supernova remnant as it is seen today. Though the link between RCW 86 and SN 185 is now well established, that wasn’t always the case. For decades, astronomers thought it would take about 10,000 years for a traditional core-collapse supernova — one in which a massive star blows material away from itself by explod- ing — to form the structure as we see it today. This would make the structure far older than the super- nova observed in the year 185. amounts of iron present, a tell-tale sign of a different kind of explosion: a Type Ia supernova. This type of blast occurs in a binary star system when a dense white dwarf (the end- of-life remains of a star like our Sun) siphons material from its companion star to the point of detonation. These supernovae are the brightest the monumental features we see today. This new image of RCW 86 gives astronomers an even deeper look into the physics of this perplex- ing structure and its formation. The image was obtained by NOIRLab’s Communication, Education & En- gagement team as part of the NOIR- Lab Legacy Imaging Program.  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٤١ ﺑ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺘﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﻜﺎر و ﻗﻨﻄـﻮروس . اﻟﻬﻴﻜـﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ RCW 86 ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮه ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ (DECam) ا ﺜﺒﺘـﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓ ﻜﺘﻮر إم ﺑﻼﻧﻜﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ٤ أﻣﺘﺎر ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻛﺮو ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟﻮ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ وﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ١٨٠٠ ﻋﺎم ا ﺎﺿﻴﺔ . ﻣﻜﻨﺖ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻟ ) ﻜﺎﻣ ا (DECam ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣـﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻫﺬ ا ا ﺸـﻬﺪ اﻟﻨـﺎدر ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳـﺎ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺮاه اﻟﻴﻮم . ﻋﲆ اﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن اﻟـﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑـ RCW 86 و SN 185 أﺻﺒﺢ راﺳﺨًﺎ اﻵن ، ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻫـﻮ اﻟﺤـﺎل . داﺋﻤًﺎ ﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن اﻋﺘﻘـﺪ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ أن اﻷﻣﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﺣﻮاﱄ ١٠,٠٠٠ ﻋﺎم ﻟﺤﺪوث اﻧﻬﻴﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴـﺪي ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻘـﻮم ﻧﺠﻢ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺦ ا ﻮاد ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﻜـﻞ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻧـﺮاه اﻟﻴﻮم وﻫﺬا ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ أﻗ ﺪم ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﺬي رﺻـﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻌـﺎم ١٨٥ . م ـــ ﺟﺎء ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﻘـﺪﻳﺮ اﻷوﱄ إﱃ ﺣـﺪ ﻛﺒـ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ . وﻟﻜـﻦ وﺟﺪت دراﺳﺔ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﺎم ٢٠٠٦ أن اﻟﺤﺠـﻢ اﻟﻜﺒ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺗﻤﺪد ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ . ﻳﺘﻤﺎﳽ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﱪ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻴًﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﱄ ٢٠٠٠ ﻋﺎم ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻋﺰز اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑ RCW 86 واﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻀـﻴﻒ اﻟـﺬي ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺮون ﰲ ﺣـ أن ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻤـﺮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ دﻗـﺔ ﺟﻌـﻞ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻳﻘﱰﺑـﻮن ﺧﻄﻮة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬه ا ﻴـﺰة اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ، ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻫﻨﺎك ﻟﻐﺰ واﺣﺪ :ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴـﻒ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ RCW 86 ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﴪﻋﺔ؟ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸـﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ إﱃ ﻧﻘﻄ ـﺔ اﻻﻧﻔﺠ ـﺎر إن . ﻫ ـﺬه ا ﺴ ـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻄﻮﻋًﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق وﻻ ﺷﻚ أن SN 185 ﻛﺎن ﺳﻴﺨﻴﻒ ا ﺮاﻗﺒ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﰲ ﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ . أﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪى ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻵن ﺻـﻮرة أﻛﺜـﺮ اﻛﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ RCW 86 . ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﺑﺘﻠﻊ اﻟﻘﺰم اﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺧﻠـﻖ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳـﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺮﺻﺪه اﻟﻴﻮم . ﺛﻢ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻊ اﻟﻘﺰم اﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺳﻘﻮط أي ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ اﻧﻔﺠـﺮ ﰲ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﻋﻨﻴـﻒ أﻋﻄﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ا ﻟﺬي ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺴـﺒﻘًﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺑﺴ ـ ﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒـ ة وﻹﻧﺸـﺎء اﻷﺷـﻜﺎل اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻤﻴـﺎت ﻛﺒـ ة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻫـﻲ ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ ﺗﻨﺒـﺊ ﻋـﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر : ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈـﻢ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع Ia) ( ﻳﺤﺪث ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻗﺰم أﺑـﻴﺾ ) ﻛﺜﻴــﻒ ﺑﻘﺎﻳــﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳــﺔ اﻟﻌﻤـﺮ ﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ( ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ا ﻮاد ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻤﻪ ا ﺼـﺎﺣﺐ ــــــ اﻟﻀـﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻧﺮاﻫـﺎ اﻟﻴـﻮم . ﺗﻤـﻨﺢ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ RCW 86 ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻧﻈـﺮة أﻋﻤـﻖ ﰲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﺎء ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ا ﺤ و ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻠﻪ . ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻢ ﺗـ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ وا ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﱪ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب ﻛﺠـﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب . ـ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺤﻄﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈﻢ RCW 86 ـﻢ ﻗـﺰم أﺑـ ﺾاﻧﻔﺠـﺮﻣﻨـﺬ أﻛـ ـﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﺗ ﻘـﻰﻣـﻦ ﻧ ﻫﻲ ﻣـﻦ ١٨٠٠ ﻋــﺎم ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺳــﺠﻠﮫ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﻮ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم اﻟﺼــ ﻨﻴﻮن ﻋﻠــﻰ أﻧــﮫ ـﻢ " ﻧ ". ﺿــ ﻒ ـﺪﻳﻮ ﻌـﺮضﻫـﺬا اﻟﻔ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟ ـ ﺠﺪ ﺪة ﻟ ﻘﺎ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈﻢ . [Images and Videos: TIO/NOIRLab/DOE/NSF/AURA, T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF’s NOIRLab), J. Miller (Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab), M. Za- mani & D. de Martin (NSF’s NOIRLab), ESA/Hubble/L. Calcada, D. Munizaga, N. Bartmann. Music: Stellardrone - In Time]. ﺗــــــﻢ اﻟﺘﻘــــــﺎط ﺻـــــــﻮرة اﻟﻘﺸــــــﺮة اﻟﻤﻤﺰﻗـــــــﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺴـــــــــــﺘﻌﺮأﻋﻈـــــــــــﻢ ﻣﺴـــــــــــﺠﻞ ﻋﻠـــــــــــﻰ اﻹﻃـــــــــــﻼق ـــﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗــﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤـــﺔ اﻟﻤﺼـــﻨﻌﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ــــﺔ ﻣــــﻦ ﻗﺒــــﻞ وزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗــــﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻜ ﺗـــــﻢ واﻟــــ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬـــــــﺎ ﻋﻠـــــــﻰ ﺗﻠﺴـــــــ ﻮب ﻓ ﻜﺘـــــــﻮرإم ﻼ ــــــــﻮ ﻧ ـــــــــﺎﻟﻎ اﻟ ٤ أﻣﺘـــــــــﺎر اﻟﺘـــــــــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴـــــــــﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـــــــــﻮم ــﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨ ﻓــﻲﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﻛــﺮو ﺗﻮﻟﻮﻟــﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد ﻓـﻲ ﺗﺸـ ﻠﻲ أﺣـﺪ ﺑـﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺘـ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب . ﺣﻠﻘـﺔ ـ ﻣــﻦ اﻟــ ــﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﺗ ﻘــﻰﻣــﻦ ﺤﻄﺎم اﻟﻤﺘــﻮﻫﺞ ﻫــﻲ ـﻢ ﻗــﺰم أﺑــ ﺾ اﻧﻔﺠــﺮﻣﻨــﺬ أﻛــ ﻣــﻦ ﻧ ١٨٠٠ ﻋــﺎم ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺳﺠﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻟﺼ ﻨﻴﻮن ﻋﻠـﻰ أﻧـﮫ " ﻧ ﻢﺿ ﻒ . إن ﻫـــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـــــــﻮرة اﻟـــــــ ـ ﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻐﻄـــــــﻲ اﻟـــــــ ٤٥ دﻗ ﻘــﺔ ﻗﻮﺳـــ ﺔ ﻣﺜــ ة ﻟﻺﻋﺠـــﺎب ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﻤﺎء ﺗﻌﻄﻲﻣﻨﻈﺮًا ﻧﺎدرًا ﻟ ﺎﻣﻞ ﻘﺎ ﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ . [CTIO/NOIR- Lab/DOE/NSF/AURA. T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage/NSF’s NOIRLab), J. Miller (Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab), M. Zamani &D. deMartin (NSF’s NOIRLab] - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2023