Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2023 ARABIC VERSION

MAY-JUNE 2023 University of California, San Diego. The high-resolution imaging needed to study these structures has long evaded astronomers – until Webb came into the picture. “The PHANGS team has spent years observing these galaxies at optical, radio, and ultraviolent wavelengths using NASA’s Hubble Space Tele- scope, the Atacama Large Millime- ter/Submillimeter Array, and the Very Large Telescope’s Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer,” added team member Adam Leroy of the Ohio State University. “But, the ear- liest stages of a star’s lifecycle have remained out of view because the process is enshrouded within gas and dust clouds.” Webb’s powerful infrared capabili- ties can pierce through the dust to connect the missing puzzle pieces. For example, specific wavelengths observable by MIRI (7.7 and 11.3 mi- crons) and Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (3.3 microns) are sensitive to emission from polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons, which play a critical role in the formation of stars and planets. These molecules were detected by Webb in the first obser- vations by the PHANGS program. Studying these interactions at the finest scale can help provide insights into the larger picture of how galax- ies have evolved over time. “Because these observations are taken as part of what’s called a treasury program, they are available to the public as they are observed and received on Earth,” said Eva Schinnerer of the Max Planck Insti- tute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, and leader of the PHANGS collaboration. The PHANGS team will work to cre- ate and release data sets that align Webb’s data to each of the comple- mentary data sets obtained previ- ously from the other observatories, to help accelerate discovery by the broader astronomical community. “Thanks to the telescope’s resolu- tion, for the first time we can con- duct a complete census of star formation, and take inventories of the interstellar medium bubble structures in nearby galaxies beyond the Local Group,” Lee said. “ That census will help us understand how star formation and its feedback im- print themselves on the interstellar medium, then give rise to the next generation of stars, or how it actu- ally impedes the next generation of stars from being formed.”  ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎرﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺳـﱰوم ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴـﺎ ﰲ ﺳـﺎن دﻳﻴﻐـﻮ إن. اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﱄ اﻟﺪﻗـﺔ اﻟـﻼزم ﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟ ﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻇﻬـﺮ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ واﻟـﺘﻘﻂ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة " . ﻟﻘ ـﺪ أﻣﻀـ ـ ﻰ ﻓﺮﻳ ـﻖ ﺑﺮﻧ ـﺎﻣﺞ ) PHANGS ( ﺳﻨﻮات ﰲ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮات ﺑــﺎﻷﻃﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴــﺔ اﻟﻀــﻮﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳــﺔ واﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﻓــﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴــﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳـﺎ وﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰﻳـﺔ ﻣـﺎ و ﺗﺤﺖ ا ﻠﻴﻤﱰ وا ﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ا ﻟﻄﻴﻔـﻲ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪد اﻟﻮﺣـﺪات اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟــﺪًا أﺿﺎف ﻋﻀﻮ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ آدم ﻟ وي ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ أوﻫﺎﻳﻮ ﻟﻜـﻦ ا ﺮاﺣـﻞ اﻷوﱃ ﻣـﻦ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻇﻠـﺖ ﺑﻌﻴـﺪة ﻋـﻦ اﻷﻧﻈـﺎر ﻷن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺠﻮﺑﺔ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﺪرات ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ اﻟﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﺧﱰ اق اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﻟـﺮﺑﻂ ﻗﻄﻊ اﻷﻟﻐﺎز ا ﻔﻘـﻮدة . ﻋـﲆ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜـﺎل اﻷﻃــﻮال ا ﻮﺟﻴــﺔ ا ﺤــﺪدة اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ ــــــــ ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا ) MIRI ( 7.7) و ١١.٣ ﻣﻴﻜــﺮون ( وﻛــﺎﻣ ا ا ﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒــﺔ )٣.٣ ﻣﻴﻜـــﺮون ( ﺣﺴﺎﺳــﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛــﺎت ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺎت واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دورًا ﻣﻬﻤًـﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ، ﺗـﻢ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻷوﱃ ﻟ ﱪﻧــﺎﻣﺞ PHANGS) ( ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺗﺴــﺎﻋﺪ دراﺳﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻋﲆ أﻓﻀـﻞ ﻧﻄـﺎق ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓ ﻧﻈﺮة ﺛﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼـﻮرة اﻷﻛـﱪ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر ا ﺠﺮات ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ " . ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻷن ﻫﺬه ا ﻼﺣﻈـﺎت ﻣـﺄﺧﻮذة ﻛﺠــﺰء ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧـﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬـﻮر ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ وﺗﻠﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻷرض ، " ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻷرض ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻗﺎﻟـﺖ إﻳﻔﺎ ﺷﻴﻨ ر ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣـﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧـﻚ ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ورﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎون ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) PHANGS ( . اﻟ ﺳــﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻔﺮﻳــﻖ ﻋــﲆ إﻧﺸــﺎء وإﺻــﺪار ﻣﺠ ﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﻣﻦ ا ﺮاﺻﺪ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﰲ ﺗ ـ ﴪﻳﻊ اﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴ . : " ﻗﺎل ﱄ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ دﻗـﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺟﺮاء إﺣﺼﺎء ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم و ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ ﺟﺮد ﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎت ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻟ ﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻮﺳـﻂ اﻟﻨﺠﻤـﻲ أو ﻇﻬـﻮر و إﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻟ ﻠﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﺗﻌـﺪ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة NGC 1365 ﺗـﻢ اﻟـ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟــ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ (MIRI) ــﺐ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﺴــ ﻮبﺟــ ﻤﺲو واﺣـﺪة ﻣــﻦ إ ﻤــﺎﻟﻲ ١٩ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﻣﺴــﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺑﺮ ـــﺎﻣﺞ ـــﺔ ـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲﻣﺴـــﺢ اﻟﻤﺠــﺮات اﻟﻘﺮ ـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ـــﺎء ﻋﻨـــﺪ اﻟﺪﻗـــﺔ اﻟﺰاو اﻟﻔ (PHANGS) . ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ أرﺻـﺎد ـﺎﻣ ا (MIRI) ان ـﺎرواﻟﻐــﺎزﻓـﻲ اﻟﻮﺳـﻂ اﻟﺒ ﻨ ﻤـﻲ ﻛﺘـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐ اﻣﺘﺼــﺖ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺸــ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم وأﺻـﺪرﮫ ﻣـﺮة أﺧـﺮىﻓـﻲ اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟـ ـ إﻟـﻰ إﺿــﺎءة ﺷـ ﻜ ﻤﺮاء ، ﻣﻤــﺎ أد ﺔ ﻣﻌﻘــﺪة ﻣــﻦ ـــﺔ واﻷﺻـــﺪاف اﻟـــ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋـــﺎت اﻟ ﻬﻔ ـ أﻧﺸـــﺄ ﺨ ﻄ ﺔ اﻟـــ ﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺠـــﻮم اﻟ ﺎﻓﻌـــﺔ ﺗﻄﻠـــﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــﺔ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟـــ اﻷذرع اﻟ ـ ﺤﻠﺰوﻧ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮة . Image process- ing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)] [( - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2023