Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2023 ARABIC VERSION

scope. By combining Webb’s powerful infrared instruments with a broad mosaic view of the re- gion’s multiple areas of lensing, astronomers aimed to achieve a bal- ance of breadth and depth that will open up a new frontier in the study of cosmology and galaxy evolution. “The ancient myth of Pandora is about human curiosity and discoveries that delineate the past from the future, which I think is a fitting connec- tion to the new realms of the universe Webb is opening up, including this deep-field image of Pandora’s Cluster,” said astronomer Rachel Bezanson of the Univer- sity of Pittsburgh in Penn- sylvania, co-principal investigator on the Ultra- deep NIRSpec and NIR- Cam ObserVations before the Epoch of Reionization (UNCOVER) program to study the region. “When the images of Pandora’s Cluster first came in from Webb, we were honestly a little star struck,” said Bezanson. “There was so much detail in the foreground cluster and so many distant lensed galaxies, I found myself getting lost in the image. Webb exceeded our expecta- tions.” The new view of Pandora’s Cluster stitches four Webb snapshots together into one panoramic image, displaying roughly 50,000 sources of near-infrared light. In addition to magnification, gravi- tational lensing distorts the appear- ance of distant galaxies, so they look very different than those in the fore- ground. The galaxy cluster “lens” is so massive that it warps the fabric of space itself, enough for light from distant galaxies that passes through that warped space to also take on a warped appearance. Astronomer Ivo Labbe of the Swin- burne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia, co-principal investigator on the UNCOVER pro- gram, said that in the lensing core to the lower right in the Webb image, which has never been imaged by Hubble, Webb revealed hundreds of distant lensed galaxies that appear like faint arced lines in the image. Zooming in on the region reveals more and more of them. “Pandora’s Cluster, as imaged by Webb, shows us a stronger, wider, deeper, better lens than we have ever seen be- fore,” Labbe said. “My first reaction to the image was that it was so beautiful, it looked like a galaxy for- mation simulation. We had to re- mind ourselves that this was real data, and we are working in a new era of astron- omy now.” The UN- COVER team used Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to capture the cluster with exposures lasting 4-6 hours, for a total of about 30 hours of observing time. The next step is to meticulously go through the imaging data and select galaxies for follow-up observation with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), which will provide precise distance measurements, along with other detailed information about the lensed galaxies’ composi- tions, providing new in- sights into the early era of galaxy assembly and evolution. The UNCOVER team expects to make these NIRSpec observa- tions in the summer of 2023. In the meantime, all of the NIRCam photometric data has been publicly released so that other astronomers can become familiar with it and plan their own scientific studies with Webb’s rich datasets. “We are com- mitted to helping the astronomy community make the best use of the fantastic resource we have in Webb,” said UNCOVER co-investiga- tor Gabriel Brammer of the Niels Bohr Institute’s Cosmic Dawn Center at the University of Copenhagen. “This is just the beginning of all the amazing Webb science to come.” The imaging mosaics and catalog of sources on Pandora’s Cluster (Abell 2744) provided by the UNCOVER team combine publicly available Hubble data with Webb photometry from three early observation pro- grams: JWST-GO-2561, JWST-DD- ERS-1324, and JWST-DD-2756.  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٣٣ ﻓ ﻤﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑـ اﺟﻬـﺰة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻟﻘﻮﻳـﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻌﻤــﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺷــﻌ ﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﻊ ﻋـﺮض ﻓﺴﻴﻔﺴـﺎء واﺳﻊ ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت ا ﺘﻌﺪدة ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ، ﺳﻌﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ إﱃ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ـﻖ ﺗ ـﻮازن ﰲ اﻻﺗﺴــﺎع واﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﻔﺘﺢ آﻓﺎﻗًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺎت وﺗﻄــﻮر ا ﺠــﺮات . " ﺗــﺪور اﻷﺳ ـﻄﻮرة اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤــﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻧ ـﺪورا ﺣـــﻮل ﻓﻀـــﻮل اﻹﻧﺴـــﺎن واﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳ ﻢ ا ﺎﴈ ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ، واﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌـﻮاﻟﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﺑﺎﻧﺪورا ، " ﻗﺎﻟـﺖ ﻋﺎ ـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ راﺷـﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺰاﻧﺴـﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺴـﱪغ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺴـﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ وﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺔ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﴫ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ) ( ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ . ﻗﺎل ﺑﻴﺰاﻧﺴﻮن " : ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮتﺻﻮر ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﺑﺎﻧﺪورا ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻛﻨﺎ ﺑﴫاﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳـﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻬـﺎر ، ﻛـﺎن ﻫﻨـﺎك اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﰲ ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴـﺔ واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ذات اﻟﻌﺪﺳـﺎت اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة وﺟﺪت ﻧﻔﺴ ـ ﺔ ﻲ ﺿﺎﺋﻌ ﰲ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻨـﺎ . ﻳﺠﻤـﻊ اﻟﻌـﺮض اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﻨﻘـﻮد ﺑﺎﻧـﺪورا أرﺑـﻊ ﻟﻘﻄـﺎت ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳ ـﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﻌًــﺎ ﰲ ﺻــﻮرة ﺑﺎﻧﻮراﻣﻴـﺔ واﺣـﺪة ﺗﻌـﺮض ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻘـﺮب ﻣـﻦ ٥٠,٠٠٠ ﻣﺼـﺪر ﻣـﻦ ﺿـﻮء اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ . ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺘﻜﺒـ ﻓـﺈن ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻮه ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ، ﻟﺬا ﺗﺒﺪو ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ اﻷرض اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ " إن . " ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ا ﺠﺮات ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻮه ﻧﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻧﻔﺴﻪ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﱪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ا ﻠﺘﻮي ﻟﻴﺄﺧﺬ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮًا ﻧﻔﺴﻪ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﱪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ا ﻠﺘﻮي ﻟﻴﺄﺧﺬ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮًا . ﻣﺸﻮﻫًﺎ ﻗـﺎل ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ إﻳﻔـﻮ ﻻﺑـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳﻮﻳﻨﱪن ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺒـﻮرن ﺑ ﺄﺳـﱰاﻟﻴﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ اﻟﺮﺋــ ـ ﻴﴘ ا ﺸــﺎرك ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧــﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ) ( إﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ إﱃ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻴﻤ ﺻــﻮرة ﰲ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـﻢ ﻳــﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫ ﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ، ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻣﺌـﺎت ا ﺠـﺮات ذات اﻟﻌﺪﺳـﺎت اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ﻛﺨﻄـﻮط ﻣﻘﻮﺳـﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﺘ ـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺼـﻮرة . إن اﻟﺘﻜﺒ ـ ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ا ﺰﻳﺪ وا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ . ﻗﺎل ﻻﺑﻲ : ﻳ" ﻈﻬـﺮ ﻟﻨــﺎ ﻋﻨﻘ ـﻮد ﺑﺎﻧـﺪورا ﻛﻤ ـﺎ ﺻــﻮر ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ أ ﻗﻮى وأوﺳـﻊ وأﻋﻤـﻖ وأﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ رأﻳﻨﺎه ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ، ﻛـﺎن رد ﻓﻌـﲇ اﻷول ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻮرة أﻧﻬـﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻠـﺔ ﺟـﺪًا ـــ ﺒﺪت وﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ا ﺠﺮة . ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ أن ﻫﺬه ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺑﺪت وﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻛـﺎ ة ﻟﺘﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ا ﺠــﺮة . ﻛ ـﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻨــﺎ أن ﻧ ـ ﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ أن ﻫـﺬه ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ وﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻋـ ﴫ ـ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ اﻵ ﻟﻘـﺪ "ن ا ﺳـــﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﺮﻳـــﻖ ﺑﺮﻧـــﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ) ( ﻛﺎﻣ ا ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻧ ﻛﺎم ) ( ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻨﻘـﻮد ﻣـﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﺎت ﺪة ٤-٦ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ـﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺣﻮاﱄ ٣٠ ﺳـﺎﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ وﻗﺖ ا ﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ . ﺗﺘﻤﺜـﻞ اﻟﺨﻄـﻮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴــﺔ ﰲ اﻻﻧﺘﻘــﺎل ﺑﺪﻗــﺔ إﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﺘﺼــﻮﻳﺮ واﺧﺘﻴــﺎر ا ﺠـــﺮات ﺘﺎﺑﻌـــﺔ ا ﺮاﻗﺒـــﺔ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ) ﻧ ﺳـﻜﻴﺐ ( واﻟ ﺬي ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت دﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﻴـﺪة إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺣـ ﻮل ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ا ﺠﺮات ذات اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت ﻣﻤ ـﺎ ﻳ ـﻮﻓﺮ رؤى ﺟﺪﻳــﺪة ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻌﴫ ا ﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ا ﺠـﺮات وﺗﻄﻮرﻫـﺎ . ﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ) ( إﺟﺮاء ارﺻﺎد ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴﺎف ) ﻧ ﺳﻜﻴﺐ ( ﰲ ﺻﻴﻒ ﻋﺎم ٢٠٢٣ . ﺧﻼل ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ ﻧ ـ ﴩ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜـﺎﻣ ا ) ﻧ ﻛـﺎم ( ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟ ﻌﻠﻤــﺎء اﻵﺧــﺮون ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺘﻌــﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺪراﺳـﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ . ﻗـﺎل ﻏﺎﺑﺮﻳﻴـﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣـﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ا ﺸﺎرك ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ) (" : ﻧﺤـﻦ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﻮن ﺑﻤﺴـﺎﻋﺪة ا ﺠﺘﻤـﻊ اﻟﻔﻠﻜـ ﻲ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻓﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺐ و وﻳ ﻫﺬه ﻣﺠﺮد ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻮم ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ . ان ﺻـﻮر وﻓﻬـﺮس ا ﺼﺎدر ﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﺑﺎﻧـﺪورا أﺑﻴـﻞ ) 2744 ( اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻟ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ا ﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻀﻮء ﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮة . ـﺪﻳﻮ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺠـﻮل ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻔ ﻋﻨﻘـﻮد ﺎﻧـﺪورا أﺑﻴـﻞ) 2744 ( وﻫـﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺗﻮﺟــﺪ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮات ﻓـﻲﻃــﻮراﻻﻧـﺪﻣﺎج ﻟﺘﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﻘــﻮد . ﺿــ ﻢ ﻘـــﺪرﻋﻠﻤـــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ أن ٥٠,٠٠٠ ﻣﺼـــﺪرﻣـــﻦ ﺿــﻮء اﻷﺷـــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـــﺖ اﻟـــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبﺟ ﻤﺲو ﻟﻨﺎﺳــﺎ . ﺗــﺮﻛ اﻟﻜﺘﻠــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻋﻨﻘــﻮد ﺎﻧــﺪور ﻛﺒــ ﺟــﺪًا ﻟﺪرﺟــﺔ أن ﻧﺴــ ــﺎن ﻴـﺞ اﻟﺰﻣ ﺗﺸــﻮﻩ ﻔﻌــﻞ اﻟــ ـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ــﺔ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﺨﻠــﻖ ﺗــﺄﺛ ًا ﻳﺠﻌــﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ذات أﻫﻤ ﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚ : ـــﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘــﺔ اﻟﻤﻜـــ ة ﺗﺴـــﻤﻰ ﻋﺪﺳـــﺔ ﻃﺒ ﻌ " ﻋﺪﺳـــﺔ اﻟـــ ـ " ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ اﻟـ ــﺪة ﺟــﺪًا ﻟﻠﻀــﻮء ﺧــﺎرج ــﺔ ﻣﺼــﺎدر ﻌ ﻤﻜــﻨﻬﻢ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺮؤ اﻟﻌﻨﻘــﻮد ا ﺎﻟﻨﺴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻗﺪ ﺗ ﻮن ﻏ ﻗﺎ ﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺣ ﻟ ﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب و ﺐ . ] Video: STScI, Danielle Kirshen- blat. Music: PremiumBeat Music, Klaus Hergersheimer. Science: Ivo Labbe (Swinburne), Rachel Bezanson (University of Pitts- burgh). Image processing: STScI, Alyssa Pagan [ - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2023