Free Astronomy Magazine May-June 2023 ARABIC VERSION

This effort culminated in the largest two-dimen- sional map of the sky ever created. With col- lective observations by the Mosaic-3 camera on the Nicholas U. Mayall 4- meter Telescope and the 90Prime camera on the University of Arizona Bok 2.3-meter Telescope, both located at KPNO, as well as the DOE-built Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Tele- scope at CTIO in Chile. One of the main pur- poses of this map is to identify roughly 40 mil- lion target galaxies for the five-year DESI Spec- can see. The additions to the map’s footprint and wavelength coverage will in turn make the data useful to a wider demographic of scientists. “The addition of near-infrared wave- length data to the Legacy Survey will allow us to better calculate the redshifts of distant galaxies, or the amount of time it took light from those galaxies to reach Earth,” said Alfredo Zenteno, an astronomer with NSF’s NOIRLab and principal in- vestigator of DECam eROSITA Survey (DeROSITAS). “This is essential for surveys at radio and X-ray wavelengths that need the complete ‘optical’ view to iden- tify the origin of the emission, like clusters of galaxies and active su- permassive black holes,” said Mara Salvato, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) and spokesperson for eROSITA. The bulk of these additional DECam observations are from the DeROSI- TAS team, which includes scientists from NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of La Serena, MPE and Ludwig Max- imilians University Munich in Ger- many; the DECam Local Volume Exploration Sur- vey; and the final (sixth) year of the Dark Energy Survey. The team also scoured the NSF NOIR- Lab data archive to use any public data of the sky that already existed or was being collected by other researchers. It’s not only scientists who benefit from the grow- ing archive of astro- nomical data coming out of the Legacy Sur- veys. The publicly avail- able data make it possible for astronomy enthusiasts and curious individuals to digitally peruse the Universe around us. “Anyone can use the sur- vey data to explore the sky and make discoveries,” said Arjun Dey, an astronomer with NSF’s NOIRLab. “In my opinion it is this ease of ac- cess which has made this survey so impactful. We hope that in a few years the Legacy Surveys will have the most complete map of the en- tire sky, and provide a treasure trove for scientists well into the future.” NOIRLab will host these data prod- ucts in the Astro Data Archive, from the original images taken at the telescopes to the catalogs that re- port the positions and other prop- erties of stars and galaxies. Astro Data Lab, which is part of the Com- munity Science and Data Center (CSDC) at NSF’s NOIRLab, also serves the catalogs as databases, which as- tronomers can easily analyze using the Astro Data Lab tools and serv- ices, and cross-match them with other datasets, giving more oppor- tunities for discovery. In addition, Astro Data Lab provides astronomers with example scientific applications and tutorials to assist with their research.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ١٩ ﺗُﻮج ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴــﺔ اﻷﺑﻌ ـﺎد ﻟﻠﺴــﻤﺎء ﺗ ـﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق . ﻣـﻊ ا ﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻣ ا ﻣﻮازﻳﻚ ٣ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻳﻜﻮﻻس ﻳﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺎل اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ارﺑﻌﺔ أﻣﺘـﺎر وﻛــﺎﻣ ا ٩٠ ﺑـﺮاﻳﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أرﻳﺰوﻧﺎ ﺑـﻮك اﻟﺒــﺎﻟﻎ ٢.٣ ﻣــﱰ وﻛﻼﻫﻤــﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﻛـﺖ ﺑﻴـﻚ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ( DECam) ﻋــﲆ ﺗﻠﺴــﻜﻮب ﻓﻴﻜﺘــﻮر إم ﺑﻼﻧﻜــﻮ اﻟﺒــﺎﻟﻎ 4 أﻣﺘــﺎر ﰲ ﺗﺸـــﻴﲇ . أﺣـــﺪ اﻷﻏـــﺮاض اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻫـﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ٤٠ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺠــﺮة ﻣﺴــﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴــﺢ ﺮة ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ DESI ـﺪة ﻮات ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻬﺪف إﱃ ﻓﻬـﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل رﺳﻢ ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى اﻟــ ١٢ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺳـﻨﺔ ا ﺎﺿﻴﺔ . اﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﴩوع DESI أﻫﺪاﻓﻪ وﻳﺠﺮي ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ا ﺴـﺢ اﻟﻄﻴﻔـﻲ . وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ، ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﻊ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ إﱃ إﻧﺸـﺎء اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄـﺔ اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺷـﻤﻮﻻً ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء ﻗﺪر ا ﺴﺘﻄﺎع ، ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻤـﺖ إﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺼـﻮر وا ﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ ا ﺤﺴـﻨﺔ إﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻀـﻤ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻔﻘﻮدة ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ . واﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ أن اﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﻌﺎﴍ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻳﺮﻛـﺰ ﻋـﲆ دﻣـﺞ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻣ ا DECam ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺧـﺎرج ا ﺠـﺮة ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﰲ ا ﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮص ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ أﻋﻤﺎق اﻟﻜﻮن . اﻻن ﻣ ﻊ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻـﻮر اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨ ﻮﺑﻴـﺔ ﰲ إﺻـﺪار اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ـﺪ ﺗــﻢ ﺗﻮﺳــﻴﻊ ا ﺴــﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﱃ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ٢٠٠٠٠ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ أي ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء . ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺻـﻮرًا ﻟﻠﺴـﻤﺎء ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ أﻟﻮان إﺿﺎﰲ ، ﻗـﺎدر ﻋـﲆ ـــ أﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء اﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﻤﺮارًا ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻠﻌـ اﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ رؤﻳﺘﻪ . ﺳﺘﺆدي اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎت إﱃ ﺑﺼـﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻮل ا ﻮﺟﻲ ﺑـﺪورﻫﺎ إﱃ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﺠﻤ ﻮﻋـﺔ دﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴـﺔ أوﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﺴﺐ أﻟﻔﺮﻳـﺪو ز ﻳﻨﺘﻴﻨـﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮ ﻻب اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻮﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴـ ـ ﴘ ﰲ ﻣﺴـﺢ DECam eROSITA أو .(DeROSITAS) ان ﻫــﺬا ﴐوري ﻟﻠﻤﺴــﻮﺣﺎت ﰲ ﻣﻮﺟــﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳـﻮ واﻷﺷـﻌﺔ اﻟﺴـﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤﺘـﺎج إﱃ " ﻋﺮض ﺑﴫي " ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ أﺻﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻌـﺎث ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴ ـﺪ ا ﺠـﺮات واﻟﺜﻘــﻮب اﻟ ﺴـﻮداء اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻣـﺎرا ﺳـﺎﻟﻔﺎﺗﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻣـﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧـﻚ ﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳــﺎء ﺧــﺎرج اﻷرض وا ﺘﺤﺪﺛــﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﻢ ﻣـﴩوع eROSITA . ان اﻟﺠـﺰء اﻷﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ ارﺻﺎد ﻛﺎﻣ ا DECam اﻹﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻫـﺬه ﻣـﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﺢ DeROSITAS واﻟﺬي ﻳﻀﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـ ﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ وﺟ ﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻻﺳ ﻳﻨﺎ وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻮدﻓﻴـﻎ ﻣﺎﻛﺴـﻴﻤﻴﻠﻴﺎن ﰲ ﻣﻴـﻮﻧﻴﺦ ﰲ أ ﺎﻧﻴـﺎ ؛ ﻣﺴـﺢ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ا ﺤﲇ اﺳﺘﻜﺸــﺎف اﻟﺤﺠــﻢ ا ﺤــﲇ ﻟ ﻜــﺎﻣ ا DECam واﻟﺴــﻨﺔ اﻷﺧ ة ) اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ . ﻗﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﻤﺴﺢ أرﺷـﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب ﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪام أي ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻋﺎ ﻣـﺔ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ أ و ﺗـﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬــﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺑــﺎﺣﺜ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء وﺣـﺪﻫﻢ ﻫــﻢ ﻣــﻦ ﻳﺴــﺘﻔﻴﺪون ﻣــﻦ اﻷرﺷــﻴﻒ ا ﺘﺰاﻳــﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻧ ـﺎت اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ا ﺴــﺢ اﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻘﺔ . اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧــﺎت ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر و ﻟﻌﺸﺎق ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ واﻷﻓــﺮاد ا ﻬﺘﻤــ ﻟ ﻼﻃـــﻼع ﻋﻠﻴﻬـــﺎ رﻗﻤﻴًـــﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻓ ﺎﻟﻜﻮ ن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ . ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﻮن ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ . ﻗـﺎل أرﺟـﻮن داي ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ ﻧـﻮﻳﺮﻻب " : ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻷي ﺷﺨﺺ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﺴﺢ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎف اﻟﺴﻤﺎء وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت " ." ﰲ رأﻳﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺟﻌﻠـﺖ ﻫـﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼع ﻣﺆﺛﺮًا ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ . ﻧﺄﻣﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟـﺪى ﻣـﴩوع ا ﺴـﺢ ﰲ ﻏﻀـﻮن ﺳـﻨﻮات ﻗﻠﻴﻠـﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﻛﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ، وأن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﻨﺰ اً ﺎً دﻓﻴﻨ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﰲ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ." ﻳ ﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮرﻻب ﻣﻨﺘﺠـﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻫﺬه ﰲ ارﺷﻴﻒ AstroData ، ﺑﺪءًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت إﱃ اﻟﻔﻬﺎرس اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺠﻮ م وا ﺠـﺮات وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻷﺧﺮى . ان ﻣﺨﺘﱪ Astro Data ، ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻮم ا ﺠﺘﻤـﻊ واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ) CSDC ( اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﻳﺨﺪم أﻳﻀًﺎ اﻟﻔﻬﺎرس ﻛﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ ﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬــﺎ ﺑﺴــﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أدوات وﺧـﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ Astro Data ، وﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ ت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔـﺮص ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ . ﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻹ و ا ﻳ ﻠــــﻎ ــــﻮﻻس ﻳــــﻮ ﻣــــﺎﻳﻮل اﻟــــﺬ ـــﺎن ﺗﻠﺴــــ ﻮب ﻧﻴ أرﻌــــﺔ أﻣﺘــــﺎرواﻟﻤﺴــــﻤﻰ ﺎﺳــــﻢ ﺛــﺎﻧﻲ أﻛــ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﻓــﻲوﻗـــﺖ أول ــﺖ اﻟـــﻮﻃ اﻟﻤــﺪﻳﺮاﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻤﺮﺻــﺪ ﻗﻤــﺔ ﻛ اﺳــــﺘﺨﺪام ﻟــــﮫ ﻓــــﻲﻋــــﺎم ١٩٧٣ . ًــــﺎ ﻀــــﻢ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــ ﻮبﺣﺎﻟ ﺟﻬــــﺎز اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴــــﻞ اﻟﻄ ﻔــــﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗـــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤــــــﺔ ﻌــــــﺮف اﺧﺘﺼــــــﺎرا واﻟـــــﺬ ) DESI ( ــــــﺎفﻣﺴــــــﺢ ، أﻗـــــﻮىﻣﻄ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ . ] F.E. Brenker et al [. - ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ 2023