Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2025 ARABIC VERSION

F 18 A ‘Milky Way’ in the young Universe byNASA/ESA/CSA Claire Blome Christine Pulliam orthefirsttime,NASA’sJames Webb Space Telescope has de- tected and “weighed” a galaxythatnotonlyexistedaround600 mil- lionyearsafterthebigbang,butis also similar to what our Milky Way galaxy’smassmighthavebeenatthe samestageofdevelopment. Other galaxies Webb has detected atthistimeperiodaresignificantly moremassive.NicknamedtheFirefly Sparkle,thisgalaxyisgleamingwith star clusters — 10 in all — each of whichresearchersexaminedingreat detail. “I didn’t think it would be possible to resolve a galaxy that existed so early in the universe into so many distinct components, let alone find that its mass is similar to our own galaxy’s when it was in the process of forming,” said Lamiya Mowla, co- lead author of the paper and an as- sistantprofessoratWellesleyCollege in Massachusetts. “There is so much going on inside this tiny galaxy, in- cluding so many different phases of star formation.” Webbwasabletoimagethegalaxy incrispdetailfortworeasons.Oneis a benefit of the cosmos: A massive foreground galaxy cluster radically enhancedthedistantgalaxy’sap- pearance through a natural effect knownasgravitationallensing.And whencombinedwiththetelescope’s specializationinhigh-resolutionin- frared light, Webb delivered un- precedented new data about the galaxy’scontents. “Withoutthebenefitofthisgravita- tional lens, we would not be able to resolvethisgalaxy,” saidKartheik Iyer,aco-leadauthorandNASAHub- ble Fellow at Columbia University in New York. “We knew to expect itbasedoncurrentphysics,butit’ssur- prising that we actually saw it.” Mowla, who spotted the galaxy inWebb’simage,wasdrawntoitsgleami ng star clusters, because ob- jects that sparkle typically indicate theyareextremelyclumpyandcom- plicated. Since the galaxy looks likea“sparkle”orswarmoflightning bugs on a warm summer night, they named it the Firefly Sparkle galaxy. Theresearchteammodeledwhat the galaxy might have looked like if it weren’t stretched and discovered that it resembled an elongated rain- drop. Suspended within it are twostarclusterstowardthetopand eight toward the bottom. “Ourreconstructionshowsthat clumpsofactivelyformingstarsare ” در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧﺔ ” ﻓﻲاﻟ ﻮن اﻟ ﺪاﺋﻲ : ﻘﻠﻢ ﻠ ﻠﻮم و ﺑﻮﻟ ﺎم ﻛﺮﺴﺘ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻜﻨﺪ ﺔ 18 اﻛﺘﺸـﻒ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ وﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﺠﺮة ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﱄ 600 ﻣﻠﻴ ﻮن ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺤ ﺴﺐ ﺑـﻞ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ أﻳﻀـ ﺎً ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر وﺗﻌﺘﱪ ا ﺠﺮات اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻔـﱰة اﻟﺰﻣﻨ ﻴـﺔ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺑ ﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤـﻮظ وﺗُﻠﻘﺐ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة ﺑـ ﺑﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ اﻋﺎت وﻫـﻲ ﻣﺘﻸﻟﺌﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ - 10 ﰲ ا ﺠﻤﻮع - ﻳﻔﺤـﺺ اﻟ ﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ راﺋﻌﺔ . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻻﻣﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﻻ ا ﺆﻟﻔﺔ ا ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ وأﺳــﺘﺎذة ﻣﺴــﺎﻋﺪة ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴــﺔ وﻳﻠﺴــﲇ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ " : ﻟﻢ أﻛﻦ أﻋﺘﻘـﺪ أﻧـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﺮة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ وﻗﺖ اً ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮن إﱃ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻜﻮﻧﺎت ا ﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﻧﺎﻫﻴـﻚ ﻋـﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف أن ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬـﺎ ﻣ ﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺗ ﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﻃـﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ و ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣ ﻤـﺎ ﻳﺤـﺪث داﺧـﻞ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﺼﻐ ة ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺮاﺣﻞ ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ". ﻛﺎن ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻗﺎدر اً ﻋﲆ ﺗﺼ ﻮﻳﺮ ا ﺠﺮة ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﺒ اﻷول ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﺋـﺪة : ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ا ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻟ ﺠﺮات ﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﰲ ا ﻘ ﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺰزت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺬري ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺄﺛ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳُﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ . وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ دﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺨﺼـﺺ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ دﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺗﺨﺼـﺺ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﰲ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋـﺎﱄ اﻟﺪﻗـﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻗﺪم ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻏ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ا ﺠﺮة . ﻗﺎل ﻛﺎرﺛﻴﻚ آﻳﺮ ا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋـ ـ ﻴﴘ ا ﺸـﺎرك وزﻣﻴـﻞ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﻫﺎﺑ ـﻞ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك :" ﺑﺪون ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﺪﺳـﺔ اﻟ ﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة . ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻮ ﻗـﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﻨـﺎءً ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ا ﺪﻫﺶ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺗﻤﻜﻨـﺎ ﻣـﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ . ﻟ ﻘﺪ اﻧﺠﺬب ﻣـﺎوﻻ اﻟـﺬي رﺻـﺪ ا ﺠـﺮة ﰲ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب إﱃ وﻳـﺐ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴـﺪ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ا ﺘﻸﻟﺌﺔ ﻷن اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻸﻷ ﻋـﺎدة ﻣـﺎ ﺗﺸ إﱃ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ وﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ وﻷن ا ﺠﺮة ﺗﺒﺪو وﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﴍارة " أو ﴎب ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺤﴩ ات ا ﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻟﻴﻠـﺔ ﺻـﻴﻔﻴﺔ داﻓﺌـﺔ ﻓﻘـﺪ أﻃﻠﻘـﻮا ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ اﺳـﻢ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺑﺮﻳـﻖ " اﻟ اﻋﺎت " وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎم ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺑﻮﺿـﻊ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ا ﺠﺮة إذا ﻟـﻢ ﺗﻜـﻦ واﻛ ﻣﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺸﻔﻮا ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺮة ﻣﻄـﺮ ﻣﻤﺪودة وﻳﻮﺟﺪ داﺧﻞ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة ﻋﻨﻘﻮدان ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم ﻣﻌﻠﻘــ ﺎن ﻧﺤــﻮ اﻷﻋـــﲆ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ و أﺧﺮى ﻧﺤﻮ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ . ﻗﺎل آﻳـﺮ ﺗ : " ﻈﻬـﺮ إﻋـﺎدة اﻟﺒﻨـﺎء ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ أن ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻨﺸﺎط ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻮم أﺧﺮى ﻏ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﻣﺔ ."