Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2024 ARABIC VERSION

radio light. Webb’s near- and mid- infrared contributions have pro- vided several new puzzle pieces. “Webb’s new images are extraor- dinary,” said Janice Lee, a project scientist for strategic initiatives at the Space Telescope Science Insti- tute in Baltimore. “They’re mind- blowing even for researchers who have studied these same galaxies for decades. Bubbles and filaments are resolved down to the smallest scales ever observed, and tell a story about the star formation cycle.” Excitement rapidly spread through- out the team as the Webb images flooded in. “I feel like our team lives in a constant state of being overwhelmed – in a positive way – by the amount of detail in these images,” added Thomas Williams, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) captured millions of stars in these images, which sparkle in blue tones. Some stars are spread throughout the spiral arms, but others are clumped tightly together in star clusters. The telescope’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) data highlights glow- ing dust, showing us where it exists around and between stars. It also spotlights stars that haven’t yet fully formed – they are still encased in the gas and dust that feed their growth, like bright red seeds at the tips of dusty peaks. “These are where we can find the newest, most massive stars in the galaxies,” said Erik Rosolowsky, a professor of physics at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. Something else that amazed as- tronomers? Webb’s images show large, spherical shells in the gas and dust. “These holes may have been created by one or more stars that exploded, carving out giant holes in the interstellar material,” explained Adam Leroy, a professor of astron- omy at the Ohio State University in Columbus. Now, trace the spiral arms to find extended regions of gas that appear red and orange. “These structures tend to follow the same pattern in certain parts of the galaxies,” Rosolowsky added. “We think of these like waves, and their spacing tells us a lot about how a galaxy distributes its gas and dust.” Study of these structures will pro- vide key insights about how galax- ies build, maintain, and shut off star formation. Evidence shows that galaxies grow from inside out – star formation begins at galaxies’ cores and spreads along their arms, spiral- ing away from the center. The far- ther a star is from the galaxy’s core, the more likely it is to be younger. In contrast, the areas near the cores that look lit by a blue spotlight are populations of older stars. What about galaxy cores that are awash in pink-and-red diffraction spikes? “That’s a clear sign that there may be an active supermassive black hole,” said Eva Schinnerer, a staff scientist at the Max Planck In- stitute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany. “Or, the star clusters to- ward the center are so bright that they have saturated that area of the image.” There are many avenues of research that scientists can begin to pursue with the combined PHANGS data, but the unprecedented number of stars Webb resolved are a great place to begin. “Stars can live for billions or trillions of years,” Leroy said. “By precisely cataloging all types of stars, we can build a more reliable, holistic view of their life cy- cles.” In addition to immediately releas- ing these images, the PHANGS team has also released the largest catalog to date of roughly 100,000 star clus- ters. “The amount of analysis that can be done with these images is vastly larger than anything our team could possibly handle,” Rosolowsky emphasized. “We’re excited to sup- port the community so all re- searchers can contribute.”   ﻟﻘﺪ زودﺗﻨﺎ ﻣﺴـﺎﻫﻤﺎت ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﰲ ﻧﻄـﺎق اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒ ـﺔ وا ﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳــﺪ ﻣــﻦ ﻗﻄـﻊ اﻷﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة . ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻴﺲ ﱄ ﻋﺎ ـﺔ ﻣﺸـ ﺮوع ـ ا ﺒــﺎدرات اﻻﺳــﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬــﺪ ﻋﻠ ـﻮم اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺑـﺎ ﻟﺘﻴﻤﻮر :» ﺻـﻮر ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﻏـ ﻋﺎدﻳـﺔ إﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ درﺳﻮا ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮات ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ . ﺗﺤﻠﻴــﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋــﺎت واﻟﺨﻴــﻮط إﱃ أﺻــﻐﺮ ا ﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗـﻢ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻹﻃـﻼق وﺗﺤﻜﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ دورة ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﴎﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﴩت اﻹﺛﺎرة ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤـﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗـﺪ ﻓﻖ ﺻـﻮر ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ وأﺿﺎف ﺗﻮﻣﺎس وﻳﻠﻴﺎﻣﺰ وﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻟـﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﻛﺴﻔﻮرد ﺑﺎ ﻤﻠﻜﺔ ا ﺘﺤﺪ : "ة أﺷﻌﺮ أن ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ داﺋ ﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹرﻫﺎق ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮر " . اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺖ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا ﻧ ﻛﺎم ) ( ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ) ﻛـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳ ( ﺒﺔ ﻣﻼﻳـ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮر واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘـﺄﻟﻖ ﺑـﺄﻟﻮان زرﻗـﺎء . ﺗﻨﺘﴩ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻷذرع اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴـﺔ ، ﻟﻜــﻦ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ اﻵﺧـﺮ ﻳﺘﺠﻤـﻊ ــــــــــ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم ﰲ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﺠﻤﻴﺔ . ﺗﺴـﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ) ﻣــ ي أداة اﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ( اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر ا ﺘﻮﻫﺞ وﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻜـﺎن وﺟـﻮده ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ . ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﲆ ا ﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟـﻢ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗـﺰال ﻣﻐﻄـﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻐـﺬي ﻧﻤﻮﻫـﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﺒﺬور اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟ ﺰاﻫﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ أﻃﺮاف اﻟﻘﻤـﻢ ا ﻐﱪة . ﻗﺎل إرﻳﻚ روزوﻟﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﻟﱪﺗ ﺎ ﰲ إدﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮن ﺑﻜﻨﺪا " : ﻫﺬا ﻫـﻮ ا ﻜﺎن اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ أن ﻧﺠـﺪ ﻓﻴـﻪ أﺣـﺪث وأﺿﺨﻢ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ ا ﺠﺮات ." ﻫﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك ﳾء آﺧﺮ أذﻫـﻞ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ؟ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﺻﻮر ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻗـﺬاﺋﻒ ﻛﺮوﻳـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒ ة اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر . أوﺿﺢ آدم ﻟـ وي أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ أوﻫـﺎﻳﻮ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻮس " : رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺜﻘـﻮب ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻧﺠﻢ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـ ﺎ أدى إﱃ إﺣﺪاث ﺛﻘﻮب ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﰲ ا ﺎدة ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﺑ اﻟ ﻨﺠﻮم اﻵن ". ﻢ ﺗ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻷذرع اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻤﺘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﺑــﺎﻟﻠﻮﻧ اﻷﺣﻤــﺮ واﻟﱪ ﺗﻘــﺎﱄ وأﺿــﺎف روزوﻟﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ " : ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ إﱃ إﺗﺒﺎع ــــ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﰲ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺠـﺮات ." ﻧﺤـﻦ " ﻧﻌﺘﱪﻫـﺎ ﻣﺜـ ﻞ ا ﻮﺟـﺎت وﻳﺨﱪﻧـﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﺜ اً ﻋـﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ا ﺠـﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز واﻟﻐﺒﺎر . ﺳﺘﻮﻓﺮ دراﺳﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ رؤى أﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎم ا ﺠـﺮات ﺑﺒﻨـﺎء اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وإﻳﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ . ﺗﺸ اﻷدﻟـﺔ إﱃ أن ا ﺠﺮات ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﺪاﺧﻞ إﱃ اﻟﺨـﺎرج ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﰲ اﻛﺰ ﻣﺮ ا ﺠـﺮ ات وﻳﻨﺘﴩ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل أذرﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻌﺪ اً ﻋﻦ ا ﺮﻛﺰ . ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ا ﻟﻨﺠﻢ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﺐ ا ﺠﺮة ﻠﻤـﺎ ﻛ زاد اﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن ﻳﻜﻮن أﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻨﺎ و ﰲ ا ﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈن ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ا ﺮﻛﺰ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒـﺪو ﻣﻀﺎءة ﺑﻀﻮء ﻛﺸﺎف أزرق ﻫـﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌـﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﻗﺪم . ﻣﺎذا ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮى ا ﺠـﺮات ا ﻠﻴﺌـﺔ ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎﻋـﺎت ﺣﻴﻮد اﻟﻠﻮﻧ اﻟﻮردي واﻷﺣﻤﺮ؟ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ إﻳﻔﺎ ﺷـﻴﻨ ر وﻫـﻲ ﻋﺎ ـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻣـﺎﻛﺲ ﺑﻼﻧـﻚ ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺎﻳ ـﺪﻟﱪغ ﺑﺄ ﺎﻧﻴﺎ " : ﻫﺬه ﻋﻼﻣﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل وﺟﻮد ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻧﺸﻂ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ." " أو أن اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠـﺎه ا ﺮﻛـﺰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺴﻄﻮع ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺸـﺒﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة . ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺪء ﰲ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﺮات PHANGS) ( ا ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻟﻜـﻦ اﻟﻌـﺪد ﻏ ا ﺴﺒﻮق ﻣﻦ ا ﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻛﺘﺸـﻔﻬﺎ وﻳﺐ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﺎً راﺋﻌ ﺎً . ﻟﻠﺒﺪء ﻗـﺎل ﻟـ وي " : ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـﻮم أن ﺗﻌـﻴﺶ ﻠﻴﺎرات أو ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﻨ ." ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ أﻧـﻮاع اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺎء رؤﻳـﺔ أﻛﺜـ ﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴـﺔ وﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـﺪورات ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬـﺎ وﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ـﻧﺸ ﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮر ﻋﲆ اﻟﻔﻮر . أﺻﺪر ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ PHANGS) ( أﻳﻀـ ﺎً أﻛﱪ ﻓﻬﺮس ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﻳﻀﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘـﺮب ﻣـﻦ 100,000 ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﻧﺠﻤﻲ . ﺷﺪد روزوﻟﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ ﻋـﲆ أن ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺟﺮاؤه ﺑﻬـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮر أﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜـ ﻣـﻦ أي ﳾء ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﻨـﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ." ﻧﺤﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﺴﻮن ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ا ﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﻣﻦ ا ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ". ــــ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 7