Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2024 ARABIC VERSION

tory is a Program of NSF’s NOIRLab, which, along with SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, will cooper- atively operate Rubin. The Solar System, our cosmic back- yard, is teeming with billions of small rocky and icy objects. Most formed in early times, such as near- Earth objects and Trojan asteroids, while others are distant travelers from solar systems beyond our own, known as interstellar objects. Over the ten-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), Rubin Obser- know where they are. This is what Rubin will tell us.” While detecting millions of new in- dividual objects, Rubin will also pro- vide information about the Solar the time we’re living in.” In fact, such mis- sions are already in de- velopment — the JAXA/ESA Comet Inter- ceptor mission will launch in 2029 and await the discovery (likely by Rubin) of a visitable long-period Solar System comet or interstellar object passing by the Sun for the first time. Rubin’s detailed and frequent ob- servations of Solar System objects vatory will scan the entire southern hemisphere sky every few nights with an 8.4-meter, fast-moving tele- scope and the largest digital camera in the world, revealing millions of previously unknown Solar System objects for the very first time. Rubin Observatory’s survey is expected to potentially quintuple our current census of known objects in the Solar System, which scientists have been painstakingly building for more than 200 years. “Nothing will come close to the depth of Rubin’s survey and the level of characterization we will get for Solar System objects,” says Siegfried Eggl, Assistant Profes- sor at University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign and Lead of the Inner Solar System Working Group within the Rubin/LSST Solar System Science Collaboration. “It is fascinating that we have the capability to visit inter- esting objects and look at them close-up. But to do that we need to know they exist, and we need to System’s broader landscape and re- veal whole regions that contain sci- entifically interesting or unique objects to consider for future space missions. “If you think of Rubin as looking at a beach, you see millions and mil- lions of individual sand grains, that together constitute the entire beach,” says Eggl, “There might be an area of yellow sand, or volcanic black sand, and a space mission to an object in that region could inves- tigate what makes it different. Often we don’t know what’s weird or interesting unless we know the context it’s in.” In addition to providing as- tronomers and astrophysicists with the most comprehensive, big-picture view of the southern sky to date, Rubin will also alert them to changes in the night sky within 60 seconds of detecting them. This early warning system could prompt scientists to start preparing a space and their locations could benefit space missions already in progress as well, alerting scientists to worth- while observing opportunities near a spacecraft’s path, or within reach via a small detour. NASA’s Lucy, for example, is on a 12-year mission that Rubin is well-poised to influ- ence. Lucy, the first space mission sent to study asteroids trapped in and around Jupiter’s orbit, has al- ready returned valuable scientific information — and some unex- pected results. And, when Rubin’s survey begins, smaller, fainter aster- oids near Lucy’s future path will come into view for scientists here on Earth for the first time, potentially offering new flyby opportunities — and new scientific surprises — we can’t begin to predict. “With our current telescopes we’ve essentially been looking at the big boulders on the beach , − says Eggl, – but Rubin will zoom in on the finer grains of sand.”     mission to a fast-mov- ing target — perhaps even a visiting inter- stellar object, suggests Eggl. “Rubin is capable of giving us the prep time we need to launch a mission to in- tercept an interstellar object. That’s a synergy that’s very unique to Rubin, and unique to ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﺧﺎرج ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤـﴘ اﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﻴـﺪة وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺮام ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ . ﻋـﲆ ﻣـﺪى ﻋﴩ ﺳـﻨﻮات ﻣـﻦ ا ﺴـﺢ اﻟﱰاﺛـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜـﺎن ن واﻟﺰﻣﺎ (LSST) ﺳﻴﻘﻮم ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑﻦ ﺑﻤﺴﺢ ﺳﻤﺎء ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻟﻴﺎلٍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﴎﻳﻊ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄـﺮه 8.4 أﻣﺘــﺎر وأﻛـﱪ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا رﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ا ﻼﻳ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ و أﺟﺴـﺎم ﻏـ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻟﺸ ـ ﻤﴘ ﻷول ﻣﺮة وﻣـﻦ ا ﺘﻮﻗـﻊ أن ﻳـﺆدي ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑﻦ إﱃ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ إﺣﺼﺎءﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎم ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻟﺸﻤ ـ ﴘ إﱃ ﺧﻤﺴـﺔ أﺿـﻌﺎف و اﻟـﺬي ﻇـﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﻀﻦ ﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 200 . ﻋﺎم ﻳﻘﻮل ﺳﻴﻐﻔﺮﻳﺪ إﻳﻐﻞ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ا ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ إﻟﻴﻨـﻮي أورﺑﺎﻧـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻣﺒ ورﺋـﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤـ ـ ﴘ اﻟـﺪاﺧﲇ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ : " روﺑﻦ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﱰب أي ﳾء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤـﻖ ﻣﺴــﺢ روﺑ ـﻦ وﻣﺴ ـﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ـﻴﻒ اﻟــﺬي ﺳﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤ ﴘـ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌـﺎون اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﺑـ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑـﻦ وﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ا ﺴـﺢ اﻟﱰاﺛـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻜـﺎن واﻟﺰﻣـﺎن ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ) LSST .( إﻧﻪ ﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺪﻫﺶ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﻘـﺪرة ﻋـﲆ زﻳﺎرة اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ا ﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم واﻟﻨﻈـﺮ إﻟﻴﻬـﺎ . ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮب ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺮف أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑﻦ ﻫـﻮ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺨﺘﱪ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ واﻟـﺬي ﺳـﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﱪ ا ﴪع اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ (ﺳﻼك ) ﻋﲆ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ روﺑﻦ . إن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤ ـ ﴘ وﻫـﻮ ﺳـﺎﺣﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴ ـﺔ ﻟﻠﻜــﻮن ﻳﻌـﺞ ﺑﻤﻠﻴــﺎرات اﻷ ﺟﺴــﺎم اﻟﺼــــﺨﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳـــﺔ اﻟﺼــﻐ ة اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﺸــﻜ ﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟ ﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض وﻛﻮﻳﻜﺒﺎت ﻃـﺮوادة ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ اﻵﺧـﺮ اﻟـﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﺧــﺮ أﺟﺮاﻣــﺎً ﻣﺴــﺎﻓﺮة أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة وﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺮف أﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻫـﺬا و ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺨﱪﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ." روﺑﻦ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ا ﻼﻳ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة، ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ روﺑﻦ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ا ﺸـﻬﺪ اﻷوﺳـﻊ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ وﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ أﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﻴًـﺎ أو ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬـﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈـﺮ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺒﻌﺜـﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ . ﻳﻘﻮل إﻳﺠﻞ :» إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن روﺑﻦ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ، ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗـﺮى ا ﻼﻳـ وا ﻼﻳـ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻣـﻞ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻌًـﺎ اﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ «". ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺮﻣـﺎل اﻟﺼـﻔﺮاء، أو اﻟﺮﻣـﺎل اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻟﱪﻛﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﱃ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠ ـﻚ ا ﻨﻄﻘــﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴ ـﻖ ﰲ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬ ـﺎ . ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ أو ا ﺜ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم إﻻ إذا ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ا ﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻴﻪ . ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﺗﺰوﻳـﺪ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ وﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻷﻛـﱪ واﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻻً ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵن، ﺳـﻴﻘﻮم روﺑﻦ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐ ات ﰲ ﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻼل 60 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ . ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻹﻧـﺬار ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﻫـﺬا أن ﻳـﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء إﱃ اﻟﺒﺪء ﰲ إﻋﺪاد ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻓﻀـﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﱃ ﻫﺪف ﴎﻳﻊ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ زاﺋـﺮ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﱰح إﻳﺠﻞ . ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻛﻤ ـﺎ ﻳﻘـﱰح إﻳﺠـ .ﻞ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑﻦ ﻗﺎدر ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﺎ اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ اﻟﺘﺤﻀـ ي اﻟ ـﺬي ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟ ـﻪ ﻹﻃ ـﻼق ﻣﻬﻤ ـﺔ ﻻﻋــﱰاض ﺟ ﺴﻢ ﺑـ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم . ﻫـﺬا ﺗـﺂزر ﻓﺮﻳـﺪ ﺟـﺪ اً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺮﺻﺪ روﺑـﻦ وﻓﺮﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻮﻋـﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ اﻟـﺬي ﻧﻌـﻴﺶ ﻓﻴـﻪ وﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗـﻊ ﻓـﺈن ﻣﺜــ ﻞ ﻫ ـﺬه ا ﻬــﺎم ﻗﻴــﺪ اﻟﺘﻄــﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌــﻞ ﺣﻴ ــﺚ ﺳــﻴﺘﻢ إﻃــﻼق ﻣﻬﻤ ــﺔ ا ــﺬﻧﺐ اﻻﻋﱰاﺿـﻴﺔ إﻳﺴـﺎ / ﺟﺎﻛﺴـﺎ ﰲ ﻋـﺎم 2029 ، وﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ) ﻋـﲆ اﻷرﺟـﺢ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ روﺑــﻦ ( ﻟﺠﺴــﻢ ﻏﺮﻳــﺐ ﻤــﺬﻧﺐ ﻛ ﻃﻮﻳــﻞ اﻟ ـﺪورة أو ﺟﺴ ـﻢ ﻗ ـﺎدم ﻣــﻦ ﺑ ـ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم و ﻳﻤ ـﺮ ﻗ ـﺮب اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻷول ﻣ ـﺮة . ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻷرﺻـﺎد ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑــ اﻟﺘﻔﺼــﻴﻠﻴﺔ وا ﺘﻜــﺮرة ﻷﺟﺴــﺎم اﻟﻨﻈــﺎم اﻟﺸــ ﻤﴘ ـ وﻣﻮاﻗﻌﻬــﺎ أن ﺗﻔﻴــﺪ اﻟﺒﻌﺜــﺎت اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺎرﻳــﺔ ﻣﻤــﺎ ﻳﻨﺒــﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎء إﱃ أﻫﻤﻴــﺔ ا ﺮاﻗﺒــﺔ ﺑــﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣــﻦ ﻣﺴــﺎر ا ﺮﻛﺒــﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜـﺎل ﺗﻘـﻮم ﻟـﻮﳼ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌ ـﺔ ﻟ ﻨﺎﺳــﺎ ﺑﻤﻬﻤ ـﺔ ﻣ ـﺪﺗﻬﺎ 12 ﺎً ﻣــ ﻋﺎ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ و روﺑﻦ ﰲ و ﺿﻊ ﺟﻴـﺪ ﻟﻠﺘـﺄﺛ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ . ﻟﻘــﺪ أﻋــﺎدت ﻟــﻮﳼ، وﻫــﻲ أول ﻣﻬﻤــ ﺔ أُرﺳــﻠﺖ ﻟﺪراﺳــﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﻜﺒــﺎت ا ﺤــﺎﴏة داﺧــﻞ ﻣــﺪار ﻛﻮﻛــﺐ ا ﺸــﱰي وﺣﻮﻟــﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ وﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺋﺞ ا ﻬﻤـﺔ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﺴـﺢ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑـﻦ ﺳـﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻮ ﻳﻜﺒــﺎت أﺻــﻐﺮ ﺣﺠ ﺎً ﻤــ وأﻛﺜــﺮ ﺧﻔﻮﺗــ ﺎً ﻗﺮب ﻣﺴﺎر ﻟﻮﳼ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻗـﺪ ﻳـﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺟـﺂ ت . ﺟﺪﻳ ـﺪة ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴ ـﺔ ﻓــﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻨﻈـﺮ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أﺳـﺎﳼ إﱃ اﻟﺼـ ﺨﻮر اﻟﻜﺒ ة ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺸـﺎﻃﺊ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﻘـﻮل إﻳﺠـﻞ ﻟﻜـﻦ و ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ روﺑـﻦ ﺳـﻮف ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺘﻜﺒ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ . - ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2 0 2 4 ﻌﺮض ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲﻓﺴ ﻔﺴﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺼﻤﺎت ــﺔ اﻟــ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗ ـ ــﺎت اﻟــ اﻟ ﻮ ﻜ ﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻤﺮﺻــﺪ روﺑــﻦ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻌــﺾﻣﻼﻳــ ـﺎن واﻟﺰﻣـﺎن ﺳﻴﺠﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻧـﺎت ﻣﺴـﺢ ﺗـﺮاث اﻟﻤ ) LSST ( اﻟﻀــــ ﻤﺔ اﻟــــ ـ ﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻤﺮﺻــــﺪ روﺑــــﻦ ــــﻮن ﻗــــﺪ ﻳ ﻋــــﺪد ﻗﻠﻴــــﻞ ﻣــــﻦ ـﺎت ﻣﺜـ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻮ ﻜ اً ـﺔ ـﺔ ﺪرﺟـﺔ ﺎﻓ ـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤـﺎم ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣ ﻹﻃﻼق أو إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮﺟ ﮫ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺘﻬﺎ