Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2024 ARABIC VERSION

least 350,000 miles long. “Previous observations suggested that WASP- 69b had a modest tail, or no tail at all,” says Dakotah Tyler, astrophysics doctoral candidate at UCLA and first author of the study. “However, we have been able to definitively show that this planet’s helium tail extends at least seven times the radius of the giant planet itself.” Located 160 light-years away from professor of astronomy and astro- physics at UCLA . “ This makes for a rare opportunity to understand the critical physics that shapes thou- sands of other planets.” “What truly set Keck apart in our observations was the large collect- ing area of its mirror, which enabled us to detect far more light from the star. This, combined with the high- resolution capabilities of the NIR- because they form when the escap- ing atmosphere of the planet rams into the stellar wind, which causes the gas to be swept back. Observing such an extended tail allows us to study these interactions in great de- tail,” says Petigura. Studying atmos- pheric mass-loss directly is pivotal for understanding exactly how plan- ets across our galaxy evolve over time with their stars. WASP-69b is Earth, WASP-69b is so close to its sun that one year on this alien world lasts only 3.9 Earth days. Their prox- imity subjects the planet to extreme radiation from its host star, causing the gas giant’s atmosphere to burn off. The team observed this using Keck Observatory’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) to capture sharp images of WASP-69b, which revealed the sequence of events showing its tail stretching out as the planet shed its atmosphere. “The WASP-69b system is a gem be- cause we are able to study its atmos- pheric mass-loss in real-time,” says co-author, Erik Petigura, associate SPEC instrument, gave us extremely high sensitivity to the velocity struc- ture and total absorption of the es- caped atmosphere, which strong stellar winds have sculpted into a long, wispy tail,” says Tyler . Although WASP-69b is only about 30 percent the mass of Jupiter, it is 10 percent larger due to the ex- treme heat from its host star, which causes its atmosphere to expand be- fore breaking free. The escaping at- mosphere then produces wind that violently interacts with the wind from the planet’s host star, form- ing WASP-69b’s helium tail. “These comet-like tails are really valuable losing about 1 Earth mass every bil- lion years, but with a total mass nearly 90 times that of the Earth, the planet is in no danger of losing all of its atmosphere during its life- time. “The resilience of this planet in such an extreme and hostile envi- ronment allows us to study the process of atmospheric mass-loss, which helps us understand how stars can cause their planets to evolve. But it also serves as a power- ful reminder to us all,” says Tyler. “Perspective is everything. Despite the multitude of challenges we may face, like WASP-69b, we have what it takes to continue on.”     - ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2 0 2 4 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 41 ﺗﻘﻮل داﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﺗـﺎﻳﻠﺮ ﻣﺮﺷـﺤﺔ اﻟـﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ﰲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴـﺎ ﰲ ﻟـﻮس أﻧﺠﻠـﻮس وا ﺆﻟﻔـﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳـﺔ : ﺗﺸ " اﻷرﺻـﺎد اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﱃ أن اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ WASP-69b ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ ذﻳﻞ ﻣﺘﻮاﺿ ﻊ، أو ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ذﻳﻞ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ، ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻨـﺎ ﻣﻦ أن ﻧﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ أن ذﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﻠﻴـﻮم ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻼق ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ." ﻳﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ WASP-69b ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ 160 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض وﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪ اً ﻣﻦ ﺷﻤﺴﻪ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﻋﲆ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻻ ﺗـﺪوم ﺳـﻮى 3.9 ﺎً ﻳﻮﻣـ أرﺿﻴ . ﺎً إن ﻗﺮب اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻳﻌﺮﺿـﻪ ﻹﺷـﻌﺎع ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻤـﻪ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ اﺣـﱰاق اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼق اﻟﻐﺎزي . رﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻄﻴﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ) NIRSPEC ( اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺮﺻﺪ ﻛﻴﻚ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺻﻮر واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ WASP-69b واﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺸـﻔﺖ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴـﻞ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ذﻳﻠـﻪ ﻣﻤﺘـﺪًا ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻼﻓﻪ اﻟﺠﻮي . ﻳﻘـﻮل ا ﺆﻟﻒ ا ﺸﺎرك، إرﻳـﻚ ﺑﻴﺘﻴﺠـﻮرا، اﻷﺳـﺘﺎذ ا ﺸﺎرك ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴـﺎ " :. إن ﻧﻈـﺎم WASP- 69b ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﻫﺮة ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺎدرون ﻋﲆ دراﺳـﺔ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ اﻟﺠ ﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ." ﻳﻘﻮل ﺗﺎﻳﻠﺮ ": ﻫﺬا ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻧﺎدرة ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻵﻻف ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻷﺧﺮى " . إن ﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺰ ﻛﻴـﻚ ﺣﻘًـﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺒ ة ﰲ ﻣﺮآﺗﻪ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻜﻨﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻗﺪر أﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺼﺎدر ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ . وﻫـﺬا، إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧ ـﺐ ﻗ ـﺪرات اﻟﺪﻗــﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ـﺔ ﻷداة NIRSPEC ، أﻋﻄﺎﻧﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﴪﻋﺔ واﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻜـﲇ ﻟﻠﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻬﺎرب، واﻟﺬي ﻧﺤﺘﻪ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ذﻳﻞ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ . ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ WASP-69b ﺗﺒﻠـﻎ ﺣﻮاﱄ 30 % ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ا ﺸﱰي، إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ 10 % ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻋﻦ ﻧﺠﻤﻪ ا ﻀﻴﻒ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻤﺪد ﻏﻼﻓﻪ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺘﺤﺮر ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ا ـ ـ ﺘﴪب رﻳﺎﺣـ ﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﻨﻒ ﻣـﻊ رﻳـﺎح اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ا ﻀـﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ، ﻟﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ذﻳـﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴـﻮم ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛـﺐ WASP-69b . ﻳﻘﻮل ﺑﻴﺘﻴﺠﻮرا :» ﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺬﻳﻮل اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎ ﺬﻧﺒﺎت ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﺒـ ة ﻷﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻄﺪم اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي ا ﺘـ ﴪب ـ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ إرﺟﺎ ع اﻟﻐﺎز إﱃ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ . إن رﺻﺪ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬا اﻟـﺬﻳﻞ ا ﻤﺘـﺪ ﻳﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻨـﺎ ﺑﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺑﻘﺪر ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺼـﻴﻞ «. ﺗﻌـﺪ دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ أﻣﺮًا ﻣﺤﻮرﻳًﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄـﻮر اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺠﻮﻣﻬﺎ . ﻳﻔﻘـﺪ WASP-69b ﺣـﻮاﱄ ﻛﺘﻠــﺔ أرﺿـﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺳـﻨﺔ وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻣـﻊ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺣﻮاﱄ 90 ﻣﺮة ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷرض، ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﻘـﺪان ﻏﻼﻓـﻪ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﺧـﻼل ﻓـﱰة ﺣﻴﺎﺗـﻪ " . إن ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳـﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺪاﺋﻴــﺔ ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻨــﺎ ﺑﺪراﺳــﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺠـﻮي، ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﺠـﻮ م أن ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻛﻮاﻛﺒﻬﺎ . ﻳﻘﻮل ﺗﺎﻳﻠﺮ إﻧﻬﺎ »: أﻳﻀًـﺎ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑـﺔ ﺗـﺬﻛ ﻗـﻮي ﻟﻨـﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌًـ . «ﺎ " ا ﻨﻈﻮر ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﳾء . ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـﺪ ﻧﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ، ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ WASP 69b ، إﻻ أن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰم ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮار ."