Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2024 ARABIC VERSION

years ago, the Muscovite astrophysi- cist Nikolai Kardashev invented a method to measure the level of technological advancement of a civ- ilization, based on the amount of energy it can exploit. The scientist star, probably building a Dyson sphere. At the top of the scale, there are Type III civilizations, ca- pable of capturing all the energy emitted by their galaxy and every object within it, includ- ing degenerate stars and therefore also black holes! This last, hyperbolic level can be ex- cluded in the case of the Milky Way, for the simple reason that there are no alien megastructures placed to collect the energy emitted by the other stars, as far as we know. On the opposite front, a Type I civiliza- tion is approximately as developed as ours, therefore still far from being able to snoop through a hyper-pow- erful telescope onto the surfaces of planets thousands of light years away. Consequently, it is by exclusion that Osmanov refers to Type II. Based on our current knowledge, is it pos- sible that such a civilization exists within the distance of 3000 light years indicated by Osmanov himself? In the sphere of space that surrounds us and which has that value as its ra- dius, there are 350-400 million stars, a non-negligible quantity, but still lit- tle more than a thousandth of the total of the Milky Way. Regardless of anyone’s opinions, we cannot a pri- ori exclude that one of those stars hosts a Type II civilization. Osmanov calculated that if there were 650 such civilizations in the Milky Way and they were uniformly distributed on the galactic plane, one of them could be between 1000 and 3000 light years away from Earth, and therefore could observe our build- proposed a short scale composed of only three levels (which others later extended up to six levels), in the lowest of which we find Type I civi- lizations, those capable of accessing all the energy available on their planet and storing it for consump- tion. Hypothetically, they should also be able to control natural events such as lightning, earthquakes, vol- canic activities, etc. In the middle are Type II civilizations, capable of di- rectly consuming the energy of a Sun, nor anything similar around ings built 1000 to 3000 years ago, ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 13 ﻟﻘـــــﺪ ــــــﺎن ﺟﻴﻮرداﻧــــــﻮ ﺑﺮوﻧــــــﻮ ــــﺪﻳﻦ ﻻ واﺣــــﺪًا ﻣــــﻦ أﺷــــﺪ اﻟﻤﺆ ﻧﻬﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻮن و وﺟﻮد ﻋـﻮاﻟﻢ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋ ﺔ . ﺴ ﺐ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺎﺗﮫ اﻟ اﻋﺘ ﻬــــــــﺎ ﻣ ﻤــــــــﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺘــــــــ ﺶ ـــــــــــــﺔ اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌـــــــــــــﺔ ﻟﻠﺪوﻟـــــــــــــﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺑﻮ ﻫﺮﻃﻘـــــــــــــــــــﺔ ﺗﻤـــــــــــــــــــﺖ إداﻧﺘـــــــــــــــــــﮫ وإﺣﺮاﻗــــــﮫ ﻓــــــﻲ ﻣﺪ ﻨــــــﺔ روﻣــــــﺎ ﺘﺎر ﺦ 17 ﻓ اﻳﺮ 1600 . ﻗﺒﻞ 60 ﺎً ﻋﺎﻣ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﺧﱰع ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺳـﻜﻮ ﻧﻴﻜـﻮﻻي ﻛﺎرداﺷـﻴﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﺤﻀﺎرة ﻣﺎ، ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋـﲆ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ . اﻗـﱰح اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳـﺎً اً ﻗﺼ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ وﻗﺪ ) وﺳﻌﻬﺎ آﺧﺮون ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ إﱃ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ( ﻧﺠﺪ ﰲ أدﻧ ﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺣﻀﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮ ع اﻷول ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﱃ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﺘـﻮﻓﺮة ﻋــﲆ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻬـﺎ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬــﺎ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻬﻼك ﻣـﻦ و اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴـﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ أﻳﻀًـﺎ أن ﻳﻜﻮﻧـﻮا ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﱪق واﻟﺰﻻزل واﻷﻧﺸـﻄﺔ اﻟﱪﻛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ وﻣـﺎ إﱃ ﺛﻢ . ذﻟﻚ ﰲ ا ﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻀﺎرا ت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗـﺎدرة ﻋـﲆ اﺳـﺘﻬﻼك ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻛﺮة داﻳﺴﻮن أﻣﺎ . ﰲ أﻋﲆ ا ﻘﻴـﺎس ﻫﻨـﺎك ﺣﻀـﺎرات ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨـﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻛﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻬﺎ وﻛﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻨﺤﻠﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء أﻳﻀًﺎ ! ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘ ﺒﻌﺎد ﻫﺬا ا ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺰ اﺋﺪي اﻷﺧ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ وﻫـﻮ أﻧـﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸـﻤﺲ وﻻ أيﳾء ﻣﻤﺎﺛـــﻞ ﺣـــﻮل اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﲆﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ . ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺠﺒﻬ ـﺔ ا ﻘﺎﺑﻠـﺔ ﻓ ـﺈن اﻟﺤﻀ ـﺎرة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨــﻮع اﻷول ﻣﺘﻄــﻮرة ﻣﺜــﻞ ﺣﻀــﺎرﺗﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ، وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺑﻌﻴـﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ ا ﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻘﻮة ﻋﲆ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛ ﺐ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺒﻌـﺪ آﻻف اﻟﺴــﻨ اﻟﻀــﻮﺋﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘــﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧ ــﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎ د ﻳﺸ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮف إﱃ اﻟﻨـﻮع اﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻲ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ٣٠٠٠ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ 3000 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ أﺷـﺎر إﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋﺜﻤـﺎﻧﻮف ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؟ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟـﺬي ﻳ ﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑﻨـﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮه ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـ 350 إﱃ 400 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﺠﻢ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺎن ﺑﻪ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ اﻷﻟـﻒ ﻣـﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﱄ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ وﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ رأي أي ﺷﺨﺺ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد أن أﺣﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻳﻀﻢ ﺣﻀـﺎرة ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨـﻮع اﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻲ ﺑ . ﺤﺴـﺐ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮف إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك 650 ﺣﻀﺎرة ﰲ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ وﺗـﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬـﺎ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ا ﺠﺮة، ﻓﻤﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن إﺣﺪاﻫﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑ 1000 إﱃ 3000 ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض وﺑﺎﻟ ﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻴﻨـﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ ــ إدوارد ) ﺗ ﻠـﺮ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ﺴـﺎر ( ــﻮ ﻓ ﻣــﻲ، وإﻧﺮ ـﮫ ﻣــﻊ ﻌــﺾ ﺎﻧـﺎ ﺘﺤــﺪﺛﺎن ﻓ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ اﻟـﺬ زﻣﻼﺋﻬﻤــــــــــﺎ أﺛﻨــــــــــﺎء اﺳــــــــــ اﺣﺔ اﻟﻐــــــــــﺪاء، وأﺛـــــــــــﺎرا ﺗﻘـــــﻮل إﻧﻨـــــﺎ ﻋﻠـــــﻰ ـــــﺎرة اﻟـــــ اﻟﻌ اﻟﺘﻨـــــﺎﻗﺾﺑـــــ ــﻮن وﺑ ﺎﻧــﺎت اﻟﺮﺻــﺪ ــﺢ ﻟﺴـﻨﺎ وﺣــﺪﻧﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟ اﻷرﺟ ﻟ ﺴﺖ ﻣﻮاﺗ ﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺮﺿ ﺔ اﻟ . - ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2 0 2 4